System-Level EMC Assessment for Military Vehicular Communication Systems Based on a Modified Four-Level Assessment Model

With the development of EMC technology, EMC assessment has become increasingly important in EMC design. Although numerous EMC assessment models are available today, few of them can provide a tradeoff between efficiency and accuracy for the specific case of military vehicular communication systems. Face to this situation, a modified four-level assessment model is proposed in the paper. First, the development of EMC assessment technology is briefly reviewed, and the theoretical mechanism of EMI environment is introduced. Then, the architecture of the proposed model is outlined, and the assessment methods are explored. To demonstrate the application of it, an example involving a communication system in a military vehicle is presented. From the physical layer to the signal layer, a hierarchical assessment on the entire system is successfully performed based on the proposed model, and we can make a qualitative EMC assessment on the EMC performance of the system. Based on a comparison with the traditional model, we conclude that the proposed model is more accurate, more efficient and less time-consuming, which is suitable for the EMC assessment on militaryvehicular communication systems. We hope that the proposed model will serve as a useful reference for system-level EMC assessments for other systems.

Meclofenamic acid represses spermatogonial proliferation through modulating m^6A RNA modification

Background: N6-Methyladenosine(m^6A), the most prevalent modification in mammalian m RNA, plays important roles in numerous biological processes. Several m^6A associated proteins such as methyltransferase like 3(METTL3),methyltransferase like 14(METTL14), α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase Alk B homolog 5(ALKBH5) and YTH domain containing 2(YTHDC2) are involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. However, the role of the first detected m^6A demethylase, fat mass and obesity associate protein(FTO), in germ cells remains elusive.Elucidation of FTO roles in the regulation of germ cell fate will provide novel insights into the mammalian reproduction.Methods: Mouse GC-1 spg cells were treated with the ester form of meclofenamic acid(MA2) to inhibit the demethylase activity of FTO. The cellular m^6A and m^6Amlevel were analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC/MS-MS). The cell apoptosis was detected via TUNEL and flow cytometry. The cell proliferation was detected through Ed U and western blot. The m RNA level of core cyclin dependent kinases(CDKs) was quantified via q-PCR. RNA decay assay were performed to detect RNA stability. Dual fluorescence assay was conducted to study whether MA2 affects the expression of CDK2 dependent on the m^6A modification at 3’UTR.Results: MA2 significantly increased the cellular m^6A level and down-regulated the expression of CDK1, CDK2, CDK6 and Cd C25 a, resulting in arrest of G1/S transition and decrease of cell proliferation. MA2 downregulated CDK2 m RNA stability. Additionally, mutation of the predicted m^6A sites in the Cdk2–3’UTR could mitigated the degradation of CDK2 m RNA after MA2 treatment.Conclusion: MA2 affected CDKs expression through the m^6A-dependent m RNA degradation pathway, and thus repressed spermatogonial proliferation.

Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals the dynamic process and novel markers in porcine spermatogenesis

Background:Spermatogenesis is the process by which male gametes are formed from spermatogonial stem cells and it is essential for the reliable transmission of genetic information between generations.To date,the dynamic transcriptional changes of defined populations of male germ cells in pigs have not been reported.Results:To characterize the atlas of porcine spermatogenesis,we profiled the transcriptomes of~16,966 testicular cells from a 150-day-old pig testis through single-cell RNA-sequencing(scRNA-seq).The scRNA-seq analysis identified spermatogonia,spermatocytes,spermatids and three somatic cell types in porcine testes.The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that these cell types played diverse roles in porcine spermatogenesis.The accuracy of the defined porcine germ cell types was further validated by comparing the data from scRNA-seq with those from bulk RNA-seq.Since we delineated four distinct spermatogonial subsets,we further identified CD99 and PODXL2 as novel cell surface markers for undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia,respectively.Conclusions:The present study has for the first time analyzed the transcriptome of male germ cells and somatic cells in porcine testes through scRNA-seq.Four subsets of spermatogonia were identified and two novel cell surface markers were discovered,which would be helpful for studies on spermatogonial differentiation in pigs.The datasets offer valuable information on porcine spermatogenesis,and pave the way for identification of key molecular markers involved in development of male germ cells.

Maximum Inner Product Method for Extracting the Path-Loss Parameters in Primary Transformer Substations

In order to deploy short-range wireless communication devices in the primary transformer substation, a Maximum Inner Product(MIP) Method is proposed to extract the path-loss parameters in 110 kV and 220 kV primary transformer substations. The maximum inner product of the testing data is calculated to find out the loss index n and the standard deviation σ, and then the pathloss models can be set up. By comparing the MIP with Minimum Mean Square estimation(MMSE) and Cumulative Sum(CUSUM), MIP can match the measured values best. In order to apply the MIP path-loss model, under the initial signal to noise ratio(SNR) at 5 dB and 10 dB, a ZigBee simulation system is constructed to validate the situation that bit error rate(BER) varies with distance. And the ZigBee devices with 5 units are tested in a 220 kV primary transformer substation. The result of the test proves that the path-loss model is accurate.

Transcriptome-wide Dynamics of m^(6)A mRNA Methylation During Porcine Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a continual process that occurs in the testes,in which diploid spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs)differentiate and generate haploid spermatozoa.This highly efficient and intricate process is orchestrated at multiple levels.N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A),an epigenetic modification prevalent in mRNAs,is implicated in the transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis.However,the dynamics of m^(6)A modification in non-rodent mammalian species remains unclear.Here,we systematically investigated the profile and role of m^(6)A during spermatogenesis in pigs.By analyzing the transcriptomic distribution of m^(6)A in spermatogonia,spermatocytes,and round spermatids,we identified a globally conserved m^(6)A pattern between porcine and murine genes with spermatogenic function.We found that m^(6)A was enriched in a group of genes that specifically encode the metabolic enzymes and regulators.In addition,transcriptomes in porcine male germ cells could be subjected to the m^(6)A modification.Our data show that m^(6)A plays the regulatory roles during spermatogenesis in pigs,which is similar to that in mice.Illustrations of this point are three genes(SETDB1,FOXO1,and FOXO3)that are crucial to the determination of the fate of SSCs.To the best of our knowledge,this study for the first time uncovers the expression profile and role of m^(6)A during spermatogenesis in large animals and provides insights into the intricate transcriptional regulation underlying the lifelong male fertility in non-rodent mammalian species.

Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of testicular somatic cell development in pigs

Spermatogenesis is the process by which diploid male germ cells propagate and differentiate into haploid flagellated spermatozoa.This highly complicated process is dependent on testicular somatic cells maturation.While the role of these somatic cells in spermatogenesis is relatively well established,knowledge about their development and maturation,particularly at the molecular level,is limited.In this study,we profiled the testicular single-cell transcriptomes of Guanzhong black pigs at the age of 7,30,60,90,and 150 days.Five types of Sertoli cells,five types of Leydig cells,and four types of peritubular myoid cells were identified.Histological analysis revealed the changes in proliferation levels and marker gene expressions,and the prion-like protein gene(PRND)was identified as a novel marker for Sertoli cells.Additionally,integrated analyses of porcine and human datasets revealed similarities between human and pig testicular somatic cells.Overall,the data obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of testicular development in pigs as a model species.

Analysis of electromagnetic field emitted from home plug power line used for indoor high-speed broadband communication

High-speed broadband power line communication(BPL)is a novel and practicable technique for NetatHome or home area local area networking(LAN).Because of the characteristics of BPL,the electromagnetic wave emitted from the BPL transmission media will influence the indoor electromagnetic environment,which would also affect the performance of other wireless communications.Based on the analysis of the communication channel characteristic,network impedance and attenuation characteristic of the BPL,this paper proposes a novel model for calculating the BPL radiation and the computer simulation model,which are proved by the coherence of the simulation and the test data.The interferences from the high-speed BPL to indoor wireless communications are analyzed to stipulate the standards of high-speed BPL in the future.