Desulfurization of gasoline by condensation of thiophenes with formaldehyde in a biphasic system using aqueous phase of acids

Aqueous phase of acids as catalysts for the desulfurization of gasoline by condensation of thiophenes with formaldehyde in a biphasic system was investigated. Two types of model gasoline with and without aromatics and olefins were employed in this work. The desulfurization rates were above 90% on these two types of model gasoline using formic acid and H_3PW_(12)O_(40)(0.8 mol·L^(-1)), indicating that the presence of aromatics and olefins has no effect on the desulfurization rate. High temperature(above 90 °C) was more favorable to the process for desulfurization. Four hours was considered to be the proper treating time for the sulfur removal. In addition,aqueous phase of acids could be recycled at least 4 times without decreasing desulfurization rate. Finally, the possible process for the integration of condensation desulfurization into the existing refinery process for the production of gasoline with low sulfur content was proposed.

Preparation of CeO_2-Modified Mg(Al)O-Supported Pt–Cu Alloy Catalysts Derived from Hydrotalcite-Like Precursors and Their Catalytic Behavior for Direct Dehydrogenation of Propane

A series of PtCuCeMgAl quintuple hydrotalcite-like compounds with different Ce contents were synthesized by one-pot method. After calcining and reduction, CeO_2-modified Mg(Al)O-supported Pt–Cu alloy catalysts were obtained. To understand the effect of Cu and Ce, the structure and physico-chemistry properties of the catalysts were characterized and analyzed, and the catalytic behaviors were investigated in a direct dehydrogenation of propane to propene. The results show that the Pt^(4+), Cu^(2+), and Ce^(3+) ions can be incorporated into the brucite-like layers and the Ce content significantly affects the interaction strength between Pt and Cu and the dehydrogenation performance of propane. Under the reaction conditions, the highest propane conversion(45%) with 89% selectivity to propene and a 40% propene yield were achieved with a 0.3 wt% Ce-modified PtCu/Mg(Al)O catalyst. The improved catalytic performance is related to the easy formation of Pt–Cu alloy phase, excellent resistance to sintering, and coke deposits of active components modified by CeO_2.

Novel Pt-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts Pt(Ni)-LaFeO_3/SiO_2 via Lattice Atomic-Confined Reduction for Highly Efficient Isobutane Dehydrogenation

In this study, a series of novel Pt-Ni bimetallic catalysts supported on LaFeO_3/SiO_2 with different amounts of Ni were prepared by the lattice atomic-confined reduction of LaFe_(1-x)(Ni, Pt)_xO_3/SiO_2 perovskite precursors and applied in isobutane dehydrogenation to isobutene reaction. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, H_2-temperature-programmed reduction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, CO chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The as-synthesized Pt-Ni bimetallic catalysts possessed smaller most probable particle size with tunable Pt-Ni interaction, depending on the Ni content. The catalyst with Ni content of 3.0 wt% showed excellent activity and stability(the isobutane conversion and isobutene selectivity remained at about 38% and 92%, respectively, after 310 min) for the isobutane dehydrogenation reaction. It also provided approximately six times turnover frequency of the catalyst without Ni. The excellent activity and stability of the 3.0 wt% Ni-containing catalyst can be attributed to its small metal nanoparticles with high dispersion and suitable Pt-Ni interaction. Moreover, the Pt(Ni)-LaFeO_3/SiO_2 catalyst with Ni content of 3.0 wt% had been run for more than 35 h without obvious loss of activity,indicating its long-term stability, and the decrease in the Pt-Ni interaction that accompanied the formation of the FeNi alloy phase was thought to be responsible for the slight decrease in activity.

知识观转向与武术教师实践性知识的生成策略探析

武术教学是建立在一定知识观基础上进行的,传统知识观剥夺了武术教师知识的合法性。在后现代主义知识观的视域下,武术教师拥有的与自身“行动”或“行为”有关的实践性知识开始备受重视,在对其内涵和构成要素分析的基础上提出了重视武术教学实践、倡导“行动反思”、加强武术教师培训等有效策略。

幽门螺杆菌感染与结直肠癌相关性的研究

目的:探讨幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染与结直肠癌的相关性。方法:分析2015年6月至2020年6月郑州大学第一附属医院诊治的70例结直肠癌患者,选取同期于本院体检的99例健康体检者为对照组,应用13C尿素呼气试验检测结直肠癌组与对照组的Hp感染率。结果:对照组Hp阳性51例,阳性率51.52%;结直肠癌组Hp阳性47例,阳性率67.14%,结直肠癌组的Hp阳性率明显高于正常对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析发现,Hp感染为结直肠癌的独立危险因素(OR=1.923,95%CI:1.019~3.632;P<0.05)。结直肠癌患者中,高-中分化组和低分化组患者的Hp感染率分别为54.29%和80.00%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);临床分期为Ⅰ~Ⅱ期组和Ⅲ~Ⅳ期组患者的Hp感染率分别为52.00%和75.56%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);然而Hp感染率在结直肠癌患者的性别、年龄、部位、形态、微卫星状态及病理分型等各分组内的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:Hp感染可能是结直肠癌发生发展的危险因素。

天然嵌合基因的结构特性及其对基因设计的启示

天然嵌合基因(natural chimeric gene)是由两个或两个以上的独立基因天然融合而成的新基因,该类型基因的发现,突破了"一个基因对应一个染色体座位"的经典认知,扩展了基因的概念。在人类癌症研究过程中,诸多的嵌合基因可导致肿瘤相关疾病,并作为癌症分子的诊断标志而受到人们的广泛关注。本文基于嵌合基因生物信息学方面的相关研究,以癌基因为切入点,从天然嵌合基因的融合特点、转录、调控,以及融合蛋白的结构域组合形式和功能等方面,结合本研究组前期的相关工作,综述了嵌合基因融合结构和功能的研究进展,探讨了当前研究工作的困难与挑战,并对嵌合规律在新基因设计的应用作了展望。

锂离子电池的新同事

近年来,随着新能源技术的发展,锂离子电池获得大规模使用。然而由于自然界锂的储量较少且分布不均,导致锂离子电池生产成本逐年上升。因此,可替代锂离子电池的新型离子电池,如钠离子电池、镁离子电池等逐渐被人们关注。本文将锂、钠、钾、镁、铝等金属元素拟人化,通过他们之间的争论,介绍了锂离子电池及其他几种新型离子电池各自的优势、不足、发展瓶颈与未来展望。

Identification and quantification of lead source in sediment in the northern East China Sea using stable lead isotopes

Stable Pb isotopes in surface and core sediments were determined to identify the sources of Pb contaminants in the northern East China Sea(ECS).The Bayesian stable isotope mixing model was used to quantify the contributions of Pb sources.The results show that since the late 1980 s,ratios of^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb and^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb increased in the top 34-cm sediment shown in the coastal core samples,reflecting elevated anthropogenic Pb input in coastal sea.Seaward increase of^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb and^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb ratios in surface sediments reveals that anthropogenic Pb came mainly via atmospheric transmission into the ECS.Anthropogenic sources accounted for 12.0%-21.1%of the total Pb in sediments after the 1990 s.Coal combustion was the largest anthropogenic contributor(47.5%±18.8%),and Pb mining and smelting,cement production,and vehicle exhaust/gasoline contributed 23.2%±7.1%,19.0%±13.0%,and 10.3%±6.9%,respectively.The proportions of the anthropogenic sources gradually increased while geogenic source(riverine sediment)decreased from the coast to the outer shelf.This study demonstrated that the significant influence of atmospheric input of Pb contaminants into the ECS,and also the urgent need to control coal combustion and Pb discharge from industrial dust and fume emission in China.It also highlights the promising application of the Simmr model to quantify the proportions of multiple sources of trace elements in an environment.

Application of plasma-activated water for Escherichia coli decontamination and shelf-life extension of kale

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of plasma-activated water(PAW)for inactivating Escherichia coli(E.col)and retention of key quality factors for kale.Different plasma discharge times(1,2,3,4,5,and 10 min)and different exposure times(2,4,6,8,10,and 15 min)were used to investigate the inactivation effect of E.coli spot-inoculated on kale.The influence of different exposure times on the pH,hardness and color of kale was studied post-treatment.In addition,the effects of PAW on the shelf-life of kale over 12 d of storage at 4℃ were investigated.The results showed that after the treatment of 5-PAW-8(8 min treatment by PAW generated by 5 min plasma discharge),the population of E.coli on kale was reduced by approximately 1.55 log colony-forming units(CFU)/g and the changes in pH,hardness and color of kale were not significant(P>0.05).During the storage period after 5-PAW-8 treatment,the hardness,weight loss,color,surface morphology and ascorbic acid were found to be better than those of the two control groups(P<0.05).Furthermore,no significant changes were observed in pH values,the content of total phenols,or 1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity(P>0.05).It is indicated that PAW treatment is a promising methodfor improving microbiological safety and extending the shelf-life of kale.

Is urban development an urban river killer? A case study of Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China

The high population and concrete environment alter urban areas by changing temperature, rainfall runoff, and water resource utilization activities. This study was conducted to investigate the water quality features of the Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China, and its relationship with rainfall and urban development. Monthly water quality data were obtained from April to October of 2004 at monitoring sites of Sanjiadian, Gaojing, Luodaozhuang, and Yuyuangtan. The monthly water quality grades from 2007 to 2011 were also investigated and compared with those of other rivers. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed greater decreases after one or two moderate rainfall events than several light rainfall events. The potassium permanganate index(CODMn), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) and total phosphorus(TP) increased more after several light rainfall events than after one or two moderate or heavy rainfall events. Pollutant concentrations(CODMn, NH3-N, TP) in downstream regions showed greater changes than those in upstream areas after heavy rainfall events. Intense human activities around the channel greatly influenced the water quality of the channel in rainy season because of runoff pollution; however, heavy rainfall had a strong dilution effect on the pollutant concentrations in rivers. Overall, urban development has obviously deteriorated the water quality of the Yongding Diversion Channel as indicated by an increase in the water quality index from 3.22 in 2008 to 4.55 in2010. The Pearson correlation between monthly rainfall and water quality indices from 2007 to 2011ranged from 0.1286 to 0.6968, generally becoming weaker as rainfall and rainfall runoff became more random and extreme.

A system dynamics urban water management model for Macao, China

Urban water resources have been facing significant pressure from population growth,urbanization, and climate change. A system dynamics urban water management model was proposed to simulate the dynamic interactions between urban water demands and society,economy, climate, and water conservation. The residents' water conservation willingness was incorporated in the model and water-saving effects were quantified. The simulation results for Macao showed that population size was the main driving force for urban water demand. The change of temperature and precipitation has obvious effects on the landscape water demand.The water demand output is sensitive to the change in population, per capita demand, and temperature. Increased precipitation will reduce urban water demand and increased economic growth will increase water demand. By implementing integrated water conservation measures and improved water conservation willingness, water demand could be reduced by 17.5%.

Particulate matter exchange between atmosphere and roads surfaces in urban areas

The deposition and the re-suspension of particulate matter(PM) in urban areas are the key processes that contribute not only to stormwater pollution, but also to air pollution. However, investigation of the deposition and the re-suspension of PM is challenging because of the difficulties in distinguishing between the resuspended and the deposited PM. This study created two Bayesian Networks(BN) models to explore the deposition and the re-suspension of PM as well as the important influential factors. The outcomes of BN modelling revealed that deposition and re-suspension of PM10 occurred under both, high-traffic and low-traffic conditions, and the re-suspension of PM2.5 occurred under low-traffic conditions. The deposition of PM10 under low-volume traffic condition is 1.6 times higher than under highvolume traffic condition, which is attributed to the decrease in PM10 caused by relatively higher turbulence under high-volume traffic conditions. PM10 is more easily resuspended from road surfaces compared to PM2.5 as the particles which larger than the thickness of the laminar airflow over the road surface are more easily removed from road surfaces. The increase in wind speed contributes to the increase in PM build-up by transporting particulates from roadside areas to the road surfaces and the airborne PM2.5 and PM10 increases with the increase in relative humidity. The study outcomes provide a step improvement in the understanding of the transfer processes of PM2.5 and PM10 between atmosphere and urban road surfaces, which in turn will contribute to the effective design of mitigation measures for urban stormwater and air pollution.