Study on the Aromatic Components of Green Plum Wine by HS-SPME-GC-MS

In order to better blend green plum wine and study aromatic components of green plum wine,a qualitative analysis on aromatic components of soaked base liquor,green plum soaked wine,green plum juice,and fermented wine of green plum juice by Head Space Solid-phase Microextraction( HS-SPME) and Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer( GC-MS) was studied in this paper. Experiment results indicated that14,32,17,and 46 kinds of aromatic components were identified respectively from four samples. Different aromatic components determined the special flavor and taste of green plum wine. Unique aromatic components generated in soaking process include benzaldehyde,1-butanol,2-methyl-,S-(-),benzoic acid ethyl ester,and 5-( hydroxymethyl). Special aromatic components in green plum juice were furfural,phenylethyl alcohol,and benzyl alcohol. The aromatic components in fermented wine of green plum juice mainly included phenylethyl alcohol( 6. 941%,relative content of peak area,same below),1-butanol,3-methyl-( 6. 940%),octanoic acid,ethyl ester( 3. 734%),decanoic acid,ethyl ester( 2. 590%),hexanoic acid,ethyl ester( 2. 479%),ethyl 9-decenoate( 2. 080%),and 5-hydroxymethyl( 1. 756%). This study was expected to provide scientific basis and data reference for quality improvement of green plum wine.

Adiabatic correction for the esterification of acetic anhydride by methanol via accurate kinetics

In the field of adiabatic correction for complex reactions,a simple one-stage kinetic model was used to estimate the real reaction kinetics.However,this assumption simplified the real process,inevitably generated inaccurate or even unsafe results.Therefore,it was necessary to find a new correction method for complex reactions.In this work,esterification of acetic anhydride by methanol was chosen as an object reaction of study.The reaction was studied under different conditions by Reaction Calorimeter(RC1).Then,Thermal Safety Software(TSS)was used to establish the kinetic model and estimate the parameters,where,activation energies for three stages were67.09,81.02,73.77 kJ?mol^(-1)respectively,and corresponding frequency factors in logarithmic form were 16.05,19.59,15.72 s^(-1).In addition,two adiabatic tests were performed by Vent Sizing Package2(VSP2).For accurate correction of VSP2 tests,a new correction method based on Enhanced Fisher method was proposed.Combined with kinetics,adiabatic correction of esterification reaction was achieved.Through this research,accurate kinetic parameters for a three-step kinetic model of the esterification reaction were acquired.Furthermore,the correlation coefficients between simulated curves and corrected curves were 0.976 and 0.968,which proved the accuracy of proposed new adiabatic correction method.Based on this new method,conservative corrected results were able to be acquired and be applied in safety assessment.

Genome-wide investigation of defensin genes in peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)reveals AhDef2.2 conferring resistance to bacterial wilt

Peanut(Arachis hypogea L.)bacterial wilt(BW)is a devastating disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum that results in severe yield and quality losses.Plant defensins are short cysteine-rich peptides with antimicrobial activity.The role of defensin genes(Ah Def)in peanut is unclear.A genome-wide investigation of Ah Def genes was undertaken,and 12 identified Ah Def genes were classified into two groups containing the gamma-thionin domain formed by four disulfide pairs:Cys1-Cys8,Cys2-Cys5,Cys3-Cys6,and Cys4-Cys7.In silico analysis revealed that Ah Def genes showed highly conserved architectural features and contained cis-elements associated with phytohormone signaling and defense responses.A highly resistant cultivar,H108(R)and a susceptible accession,H107(S)were tested by R.solanacearum inoculation.H108(R)showed fewer symptoms than H107(S)owing to inhibition of bacterial reproduction and spread in the vascular bundles of roots and stems.In a transcriptomic expression profile,Ah Def genes,particularly Ah Def1.6 and Ah Def2.2,were up-regulated in H108(R)compared with H107(S)under R.solanacearum infection and phytohormone treatment.Subcellular localization showed that the Ah Def1.6 and Ah Def2.2 proteins were both expressed specifically on the plasma membrane.Overexpression of protein fusion Ah Def2.2-YFP in Nicotiana benthamiana and peanut leaves increased resistance to R.solanacearum,suggesting its role in response to BW infection.Ah Def2.2 may be valuable for peanut resistance breeding.

A Novel 2-dimensional Multiplex qPCR Assay for Single-Tube Detection of Nine Human Herpesviruses

Human herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that are classified into nine species.More than 90%of adults are ever infected with one or more herpesviruses.The symptoms of infection with different herpesviruses are diverse ranging from mild or asymptomatic infections to deadly diseases such as aggressive lymphomas and sarcomas.Timely and accurate detection of herpesvirus infection is critical for clinical management and treatment.In this study,we established a single-tube nonuple qPCR assay for detection of all nine herpesviruses using a 2-D multiplex qPCR method with a house-keeping gene as the internal control.The novel assay can detect and distinguish different herpesviruses with 30 to 300 copies per 25µL single-tube reaction,and does not cross-react with 20 other human viruses,including DNA and RNA viruses.The robustness of the novel assay was evaluated using 170 clinical samples.The novel assay showed a high consistency(100%)with the single qPCR assay for HHVs detection.The features of simple,rapid,high sensitivity,specificity,and low cost make this assay a high potential to be widely used in clinical diagnosis and patient treatment.

Altered vaginal eukaryotic virome is associated with different cervical disease status

Viruses are important components of the human body.Growing evidence suggests that they are engaged in the physiology and disease status of the host.Even though the vaginal microbiome is involved in human papillomavirus(HPV)infection and cervical cancer(CC)progression,little is known about the role of the vaginal virome.In this pilot exploratory study,using unbiased viral metagenomics,we aim to investigate the vaginal eukaryotic virome in women with different levels of cervical lesions,and examine their associations with different cervical disease status.An altered eukaryotic virome was observed in women with different levels of lesions and Lactobacillus profiles.Anelloviruses and papillomaviruses are the most commonly detected eukaryotic viruses of the vaginal virome.Higher abundance and richness of anelloviruses and papillomaviruses were associated with lowgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL)and CC.Besides,higher anellovirus abundance was also associated with lactobacillus-depleted microbiome profiles and bacterial community state(CST)type IV.Furthermore,increased correlations between Anelloviridae and Papillomaviridae occurred in the women with increased cervical disease severity level from LSIL to CC.These data suggest underlying interactions between different microbes as well as the host physiology.Higher abundance and diversity of both anelloviruses and papillomaviruses shared by LSIL and CC suggest that anellovirus may be used as a potential adjunct biomarker to predict the risk of HPV persistent infection and/or CC.Future studies need to focus on the clinical relevance of anellovirus abundance with cervical disease status,and the evaluation of their potential as a new adjunct biomarker for the prediction and prognoses of CC.

Progressive deterioration of the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes in children during the early infection stages of COVID-19

Children are less susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and they have manifested lower morbidity and mortality after infection, for which a multitude of mechanisms may be considered. Whether the normal development of the gut-airway microbiome in children is affected by COVID-19 has not been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)infection alters the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes in nine children. The alteration of the microbiome is dominated by the genus Pseudomonas, and it sustains for up to 25e58 days in different individuals. Moreover, the patterns of alternation are different between the upper respiratory tract and the gut. Longitudinal investigation shows that the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes are extremely variable among children during the course of COVID-19. The dysbiosis of microbiome persists in7 of 8 children for at least 19e24 days after discharge from the hospital. Disturbed development of both the gut and the upper respiratory microbiomes and prolonged dysbiosis in these nine children imply possible long-term complications after clinical recovery from COVID-19, such as predisposition to the increased health risk in the post-COVID-19 era.

Highly Stereoselective C-Glycosylation by Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Alkynylation on Anomeric Position:A Facile Access to Alkynyl C-Glycosides

The highly stereoselective synthesis of diverse medicinally valuable alkynyl C-glycosides under mild and green reaction conditions remains a great challenge.Herein,we wish to report a visible-light induced photocatalytic decarboxylative alkynylation approach.By utilizing an iridium photocatalyst in the presence of visible light,glycosyl radicals are in-situ generated via the decarboxylation of anomeric acids and efficiently coupled with a variety of ethynylbenziodoxolones(EBXs),which allows the facile synthesis of a variety of alkynyl C-glycosides in moderate to high yields and with excellent diastereoselectivity.

Comparison of Heart Rate Variability between Normoxia and Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure

This study aimed to use the sample entropy(Samp En)method to compare the difference between normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia exposure in heart rate variability.Eight healthy male volunteers were included in this research.For each subject,electrocardiography and finger pulse signal were recorded to obtain the heart rate time series.The Sp O2 signal was collected at the same time.In normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia 4300 m section,the segment of RR time series from the second5 min episode(from the 6 th to the 10 th min)was chosen for the Samp En calculation.The differences between normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia states were analyzed.Results showed that a significant difference exists in Samp En between two states(normoxia 0.54±0.05 vs hypobaric hypoxia 4300 m exposure 0.46±0.05),indicating the regulatory mechanisms of autonomic nervous system from a nonlinear perspective.

Retrieval of Brown Carbon based on the aerosol complex refractive indices in the winter of Wuhan

The impact of Brown Carbon (BrC) to aerosol light absorption has been paid more attention recently and there are a large number of studies showing that the influence of BrC on radiative forcing should not be ignored.BrC also acts as an important component of haze pollution which is occurring frequently in Wuhan,China.Therefore,it is essential to estimate their optical properties,composition,and mass concentration.Considering most haze pollution happens during the coldest time,we retrieved BrC columnar content during winter in Wuhan for the first time.Our method bases on the fact that BrC showed the strong spectral dependence on UV-light absorption.Using this method,we found that BrC makes up the small proportions of total aerosol volume (less than 10％).In the winter of 2011,we retrieved the daily-averaged columnar-integrated mass concentration of BrC on clear day is 4.353 mg/m2 while that of haze day is 12.750 mg/m2.According to the sensitivity study,we found that the results highly relied on the assumed aerosol refractive index.To reduce the uncertainty of this approach,we need to gain a better understanding of the temporal variability of the radiation absorbing components of these aerosols in the future.