Relationship between gravity change and Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake

Based on the relative and absolute gravity measurements in the southern South-North Seismic Belt since 2015,we analyzed the dynamic change of the regional gravity field and its relationship with the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake that occurred on May 21,2021.The results show that:(1)The regional gravity field changes are closely related to the Weixi-Qiaohou fault,which reflects the surface gravity field changes caused by the fault activity from 2015 to 2021;(2)The gravity field change related to the preparation of Yangbi earthquake has experienced the evolution process of"steady state-regional gravity anomaly-local gravity anomaly-four-quadrant distribution-large area positive anomaly-earthquake occurring in the reverse change process";(3)The cumulative and differential change images of the gravity field show that there were significant gravity changes in the two years preceding the Yangbi earthquake,and the earthquake occurred in the high-gradient belt of gravity variation,the center of the four-quadrant,and close to the zero contour turn;(4)The dynamic evolution image of the gravity field can well reflect the precursory phenomena during the preparation for the Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake.Based on the anomaly change of mobile gravity,a certain degree of medium-term prediction was made before the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake,especially the determination of strong earthquake location.

ChatGPT类生成式人工智能教育应用伦理审度与调适

ChatGPT凭借实时、高效、精准、灵活等特点,在各国、各领域迅速“出圈”,其交互的智能性、流畅性赋予了人们很大的想象空间,进一步激起“机器换人”的激烈讨论。特别是在教育领域,ChatGPT既可以促进教育新业态的发展,同时也引发人们对人工智能滥用的担忧。为更加全面系统了解ChatGPT,通过实证测试其在问题答疑、论文撰写、计算能力等方面的表现,发现ChatGPT与教育深度融合过程中,可能引发伦理风险,存在隐私安全、退化师生能力、信息误导以及公平性缺失等问题。针对这些问题,未来亟需教师队伍、专家学者及政府多方齐心协力,从教育应用、观念引导、标准制定、技术保障、社会监管等方面共同构筑良序的现代化教育生态。

Research Progress in Surface and Marine Gravimetry

Gravity field is the most basic physical field generated by the material properties of the Earth system.It reflects the spatial distribution,movement and change of materials determined by the interaction and dynamic process inside the Earth.Over the years,a variety of technical means have been used to detect the Earth’s gravity field and supported numerous studies on the global change,resource detection,geological structure movement,water resources change and other related fields of research.Here is part of the progress in surface and marine gravimetry obtained by Chinese geodesy scientists from 2019 to 2023 from the following aspects,including:①Continuous gravity network in Chinese mainland;②Application of superconducting gravity measurement;③Network adjustment for continental-scale gravity survey campaign and data quality control;④Regional time-variable gravity field and its application;⑤Research progress on novel technologies for gravity inversion;⑥Research progress on marine gravity field determination;⑦Application research on marine gravity field.

Evaluation of ASTER GDEM in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau in gravity reduction

In this paper, we first transferred the normal height of ASTER GDEM v2 to GPS ellipsoidal height based on the EGM96, and analyzed the precision of this digital elevation model in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau （NETP） combining with 89 ground GPS measurements. The results demonstrate that the standard deviation of the difference between ASTER GDEM and GPS results is 9.3 m, and the precision of ASTER GDEM in this region is approximately 10 m. We also calculated the free-air gravity anomalies using the relative gravity data and DEM model in NETP. The results show that the gravity anomalies are generally negative with local positive values, ranging from -156 to 43 reGal （10-5 m/s2）. At last, we compared the EGM2008 free-air gravity anomalies （FGAs） with the ground gravity measurements, and their spatial patterns are similar. While the point-to-point difference between the modeling and measuring results shows great discrepancy. The free-air gravity anomalies of EGM2008 in this region range from -154 to 96 mGal, and the difference between EGM2008 and the ground measurements ranges from -102 to 50 regal. The mean difference is -17.34 mGal, and the standard deviation is 46.69 mGal, which demonstrates that the EGM2008 has poor precision in the northeastern margin of Tibet Plateau.

Gravity variations before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

In order to study the relationship between gravity variation and Menyuan Ms6.4 earth- quake, gravity variation characteristics in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain were analyzed based on the 2012-2015 relative gravity datasets. The results indicated that the gravity changes in mid-eastern of Qilian Mountain increased gradually, while gravity changes around Menyuan remarkably. Besides, great positive-negative gravity changing gradients appeared along the Lengiongling Fault which was located at the north of Menyuan, and the 2016 Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred near the junction of positive and negative gravity changes.

Development and prospect of mobile gravity monitoring and earthquake forecasting in recent ten years in China

After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008,China Earthquake Administration has strengthened the monitoring of mobile gravity and earthquake forecasting.This paper mainly analyzes the development of mobile gravity monitoring network of China in 2008,the role of time-varying gravity field in the determination of strong earthquake risk and the technical problems that gravity monitoring still needs to be solved.By analysing the mobile gravity monitoring and earthquake prediction in China,the characteristics of gravity anomaly and three elements of earthquake prediction are discussed.The mobile gravity observation data can better reflect the gravity anomalies before the earthquake,especially the strong earthquakes greater than Ms6.0.Finally,we put forward the reconsideration of the development strategy of mobile gravity monitoring and earthquake forecasting in China.

Gravity changes and crustal deformations before the Menyuan,Qinghai Ms6.4 earthquake of 2016

In this study, the relative gravity data(2012 e2015), GPS data-derived horizontal deformation(2011 e2014) and the background vertical deformation from the leveling measurements(1970 e2011) in the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau were processed to systematically analysis the mechanism of temporalespatial patterns and the relationship with Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake. It can be summarized in the following: 1) The regional gravity changes, the GPS and the vertical deformational showed an intense spatial relationship: the gravity increased along with the direction of horizontal movement, and decreased with the crustal uplift and vice versa, which reflected the inherited characteristics of geotectonic activities. 2) The crustal deformations were closely related to the active faults. The contour lines of gravity changes and vertical deformation were generally along with the Qilian-Haiyuan fault(strike is NWW), and the crustal horizontal deformation showed left-lateral strike slip motion near the Qilian-Haiyuan fault. 3) Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in the high negative gravity variation area and a high gradient formed in regions, positive and negative variation of gravity amount to 110 m Gal.Specifically, a borderline of positive and negative gravity located in the south of epicenter along the north edge of Qilianshan fault and Lenglongling fault, as well as the vertical and/or horizontal deformation is intensely. The extrusion deformation, surface compression rate and gravity changes were obvious near the epicenter of 2016 Menyuan Earthquake.

2008年汶川地震前重力监测及其变化研究

大地震会产生地面重力变化在50年前已被公认,中国开展重力变化与地震活动关系的研究已有30多年。中国地震局第二监测中心重力研究人员2006年发现,在中国的南北地震带存在明显的重力变化,认为2007～2008年四川汶川地区存在发生大地震的可能,并提出了中期预测意见。这一研究表明,把重力变化作为主要的地震前兆是可行的。本文中,我们给出了地震监视区重力测量的方法,以及分析地震测量数据的程序,还有汶川5·12地震之前重力变化的特征。尽管汶川震中附近存在明显的重力变化,但重力变化是否能被看成是汶川地震的前兆,还需要更多的研究。本文讨论了重力变化的不确定性,包括重力测量误差、地壳垂直运动及水文重力效应等。观测数据还存在其他局限,重力观测站点密度小以及观测时间间隔长(2～3年),不能捕捉到孕震过程中出现的完整前兆信息。基于这些,我们对重力数据采集提出几点建议,以期加强未来用重力监测数据研究地震的能力。

基于重力数据的2022年青海门源M_(S)6.9及四川泸定M_(S)6.8地震预测

2022年,中国大陆西部地区接连发生多次6级强震.1月8日青海门源M_(S)6.9和9月5日四川泸定M_(S)6.8左旋走滑型地震均造成了显著的财产损失,后者更造成了百余人伤亡.地震前,依据中国地震局在两震中周边地区观测的重力数据获得了区域重力变化.结合此前多个典型地震前重力变化,该变化可能表明2021、2022年在青海门源、四川泸定及其附近地区会发生强震.两次地震实际震中与不同年度预测的地震危险区中心距离均不超过55 km.这两次地震前地表重力正、负变化均围绕震中相间出现,重力变化总体呈现四象限分布特征,且震中破裂区处于重力无变化区域.两次地震前重力变化与震源机制对比表明:四象限重力变化分布的正变化区对应于震源机制显示的压缩区、重力负变化区对应于震源机制显示的膨胀区.该发现有助于地震前兆理论的发展.

21世纪以来青藏高原大震前重力变化

青藏高原自21世纪以来连续发生了多次大震:2001年昆仑山口西8.1级、2008年新疆于田7.3级和四川汶川8.0级、2010年青海玉树7.1级、2013年四川芦山7.0级地震、2014年新疆于田7.3级和2017年四川九寨沟7.0级大震.这些地震前,中国地震局在青藏高原开展过多期流动重力观测,并观测到震中附近可靠的重力随时间的变化.本研究综合利用地面绝对重力、相对重力资料,通过对多种重力观测资料的整体处理分析,研究了青藏高原区域重力场变化及其与大震发生的关系.结果表明:(1)大震易发生在与构造活动块体边界有关联的重力变化正、负异常区过渡的高梯度带上,重力变化等值线的拐弯部位,构造活动块体边界是物质变迁和构造变形差异运动强烈的地带,易产生剧烈重力变化,积累应力应变而孕育地震.(2)2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震发生在重力变化高梯度带与东昆仑断裂带交汇附近,2008年汶川Ms8.0和2013年芦山Ms7.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带的重力变化高梯度带上,2008和2014年两次于田Ms7.3地震发生在与康西瓦断裂走向基本一致的重力变化高梯度带零值线及梯度带的拐弯部位,2010年玉树7.1级地震发生在重力变化高梯度带与甘孜-玉树断裂上,2017年九寨沟7.0级地震发生在具有显著重力变化的塔藏断裂和岷江断裂构造活动断裂带附近.(3)重力资料对青藏高原2001年以来发生的7次大震均有较好反映,地震前震中区及其附近观测到明显的区域性重力异常及重力变化高梯度带,可能是地震孕育过程中观测到的重力前兆信息.根据重力资料显示的异常变化,对2008年于田Ms7.3和汶川Ms8.0、2013年芦山Ms7.0、2014年于田Ms7.3和2017年九寨沟Ms7.0地震均进行了较准确的中期预测,尤其是震中位置的判定.

Virtual and augmented reality technologies for emergency management in the built environments: A state-of-the-art review

With the rapid technological advancements in recent decades,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies have been increasingly adopted to address various challenges in emergency management in the built environments.This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art applications in this rapidly evolving area.A total of 84 relevant articles are identified based on searching in the Web of Science Core Collection and snowballing.These papers are then organized based on a taxonomy developed in this study.Next,a range of VR/AR appli-cations presented in these papers that are aimed to enhance various processes associated with pre-emergency preparedness,responses during emergency and post-emergency recovery are reviewed in detail.The existing VR/AR applications are also described from a human-computer interaction perspective.Finally,current research trends,knowledge gaps and directions for future research are discussed.The findings presented in this paper are expected to provide a synthetic and critical review of state-of-the-art VR/AR applications for emergency management in the built environment and facilitate further advancements in both research and practice in this area.

The CST bounce universe model——A parametric study

A bounce universe model with a scale-invariant and stable spectrum of primordial density perturbations was constructed using a consistent truncation of the D-brane dynamics from Type IIB string theory. A coupling was introduced between the tachyon field and the adjoint Higgs field on the D3-branes to lock the tachyon at the top of its potential hill and to model the bounce process,which is known as the Coupled Scalar and Tachyon Bounce(CSTB) Universe. The CSTB model has been shown to be ghost free,and it fulfils the null energy condition; in addition, it can also solve the Big Bang cosmic singularity problem. In this paper we conduct an extensive follow-up study of the parameter space of the CSTB model. In particular we are interested in the parameter values that can produce a single bounce to arrive at a radiation-dominated universe. We further establish that the CSTB universe is a viable alternative to inflation, as it can naturally produce a sufficient number of e-foldings in the locked inflation epoch and in the post-bounce expansion to overcome the four fundamental limitations of the Big Bang cosmology, which are flatness, horizon,homogeneity and singularity, resulting in a universe of the current size.