Efficacy of 3%diquafosol combined with azelastine hydrochloride in allergic conjunctivitis patients with dry eye

Dear Editor,We would like to present you an effective therapy for allergic conjunctivitis(AC)patients with dry eye that uses 3%diquafosol com-bined with azelastine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution.Currently,the main therapy for AC involves anti-allergic,anti-inflammatory medicines,artificial tears,and mast cell combination antihistamine agents.Con-ventional treatment agents for dry eye include artificial tears,cortico-steroids,and immunosuppressant cyclosporine eye drops.1 However,no adequate therapeutic options are available to treat this multifactorial disease at present.Treatment with artificial tears and anti-inflammatory medicine alone is inadequate for improving symptoms in some patients with AC and dry eye.

COVID-19 and ocular complications:A review of ocular manifestations,diagnostic tools,and prevention strategies

Background:The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavins 2(SARS-CoV-2)led to the severe Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak that started in December 2019 in China and caused enormous health and economic problems worldwide.Over time,SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the capacity for mutation.As the most prevalent new coronavirus variety worldwide,the Omicron variant has supplanted the Delta variant.The COVID-19 primarily damages the immune system and the lungs,but it can also harm other organs secondarily,depending on the patients'co-existing conditions.Main Text:COVID-19 is associated with ophthalmic manifestations such as conjunctival congestion,tear overflow,and conjunctival edema,with the majority of eye complications occurring in patients with severe infection.The virus may make a patient more susceptible to thrombotic conditions that affect venous and arterial circulation.Meanwhile,it can lead to efferent complications and mucormycosis which is more common in patients with diabetes or who have critical or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Significantly,there are a number of ocular side effects following the COVID-19 vaccination,such as herpetic keratitis and facial nerve palsy,which have been reported.These side effects may be caused by the vaccinations'propensity to trigger autoimmune symptoms or thromboembolic events.At present,large-scale nucleic acid testing mainly relies on nasopharyngeal swabs and throat swabs.Tear samples and conjunctival swabs may be helpful samples for the diagnosis of ocular SARS-CoV-2 infection.The eye could be a new route of infection,and finding ways such as effective environmental disinfection,scientific administrative control management,qualified personal protection and other measures to protect the eyes could further reduce the risk of infection.Conclusions:This review aims to sum up the ocular complications of COVID-19,the possible pathogenesis,and preventive strategies to protect ophthalmology practitioners and patients by reviewing the currently available literature on the topic.

角膜后基质与后弹力层交界面的超微结构

目的:研究不同年龄段角膜后基质与后弹力层交界面的超微结构。方法:实验研究。选取不同年龄来源的新鲜供体角膜植片14枚,分为婴幼儿组(3枚)、成年组(5枚)、老年组(6枚)。将供体植片固定于钻台上,台盼蓝溶液染色,8.0mm环钻轻压,用无齿显微镊将后弹力层和角膜内皮层撕离,暴露一层光滑的界面(CⅠ);显微镊继续撕除一半光滑的界面,暴露出相对粗糙的界面(CⅡ)。取2个界面组织行扫描电子显微镜观察、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色及胶原纤维免疫荧光染色。结果:光学显微镜下可见3组供体角膜CⅠ界面均光滑,CⅡ界面均粗糙。扫描电子显微镜下发现3组供体角膜CⅠ界面位于后弹力层之前,为一层光滑的后弹力层前膜,CⅡ界面可见粗大呈束状的后基质层胶原纤维。HE染色可见角膜后弹力层附着于基质,撕除完整后弹力层,暴露光滑的后弹力层前膜,3组供体角膜未见明显差别。3组供体角膜胶原纤维免疫荧光染色显示后弹力层前膜存在Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原纤维,后弹力层含Ⅳ型胶原纤维。结论:不同年龄段角膜后弹力层与后基质层之间均存在一层薄且光滑的后弹力层前膜,主要由Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原纤维组成。后弹力层前膜与后弹力层连接疏松,与后基质连接紧密。