A Pilot Contamination Avoidance Based on Pilot Pattern Design for Ultra-Dense Network

With the ever-growing number of base stations(BSs)and user equipments(UEs)in ultra-dense networks(UDN),reusing the same pilot sequences among the cells is inevitable.With pilot reuse scheme,the channel estimation obtained at a BS contains not only the desired channel-state information(CSI)but also interference from neighboring cells,which can severely degrade CSI estimation performance and adversely affect communication performance.In this paper we consider a pilot contamination avoidance based on pilot pattern design for UDN where the pilot reuse employed and the interfering users from neighboring cells may be not at lower power levels at the BS compared to the in-cell users.We present a novel statistical interference model of sub-carriers to describe the non-deterministic interference from neighboring cells.Then,we provide a pilot pattern design model with non-uniform pilot distribution.Based on this,a pilot contamination avoidance based on pilot pattern design is proposed where pilot reuse scheme and the non-deterministic interference from neighboring cells are taken into consideration.Unlike existing interference mitigation approaches,the proposed method eliminates interference through the method of interference avoidance and can be applied to different kinds of channel estimation algorithms.Simulation results showed that the proposed approach can effectively avoid the interference and ensure the accuracy of channel estimation.

Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on cardiac endoplasmic reticulum stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(HLJDD)is a quintessential prescription renowned for its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties.It is primarily prescribed to counteract the syndrome characterized by the excessive heat of the Sanjiao fire.Notably,the hyperactivity of liver fire is frequently linked with hypertension,where wind fire and wind toxicity emerge as pivotal pathogenic factors.This study aimed to investigate the impact of HLJDD on the endoplasmic reticulum in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR),further delving into the interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)and myocardial remodeling and damage.Fifty SHR rats were stratified randomly into five cohorts:model,low-dose HLJDD,medium-dose HLJDD,high-dose HLJDD,and captopril groups.For comparison,a set of Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)rats served as the baseline control group,with each group comprising 10 rats.While the model and control groups received equivalent volumes of normal saline via gavage,the other groups were administered the respective drug dosages through the same route daily for a span of 6 weeks.Upon the experiment’s conclusion,metrics such as the heart mass index(HWI)and left ventricular mass index(LVWI)were assessed.Cardiac tissue anomalies were identified using H&E staining,while ERS-related protein and mRNA expression levels were ascertained via Western blotting analysis and qPCR.Moreover,TUNEL staining was employed to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis.The findings indicated that increasing HLJDD concentrations corresponded with escalated HWI and LVWI in rat hearts(P<0.05).There was a marked enhancement in myocardial structural integrity,accompanied by a notable reduction in collagen fibers.The mRNA and protein expressions of myocardial inositol-dependent enzyme 1α(IRE1α),X-box binding protein 1(XBP1),glycoregulatory protein 78(GRP78),and CCAAT enhancer binding protein homologous protein(CHOP)in the medium and high-dose groups saw significant declines(P<0.05).These effects mirrored those observed in the captopril group.The study underscored HLJDD’s efficacy in mitigating myocardial tissue damage in SHR.This therapeutic effect was potentially attributed to the downregulation of IRE1α,XBP1,GRP78,and CHOP,curbing excessive ERS,diminishing cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and thereby conferring cardioprotection.

Assessing the therapeutic impact of Qianjinba polysaccharide in a rheumatoid arthritis murine model

Qianjinba is primarily cultivated in the southern regions of China and finds extensive use in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for conditions such as rheumatism,arthralgia,and gynecological ailments.It has been officially recognized as a protected variety of TCM by the state.The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Qianjinba polysaccharide(QJBDT)in treating rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in mice,along with a preliminary exploration of its mechanisms for inhibiting RA in these animals.Kunming mice(KM)were randomly divided into several groups,including a normal group,a model group(LPS group),low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose QJBDT groups,as well as a positive control group(TGP group),each consisting of 10 mice.To induce inflammation and create an RA model,type II collagen was injected into the right hind foot joint.Following a 7-day modeling period,various concentrations of QJBDT and the positive control drug total glycoside of peony were administered via gavage once a day for 21 consecutive days.Throughout the study,we monitored and recorded the mice's weight,measured foot swelling,and assessed the arthritis index on a weekly basis.We also conducted pathological examinations of joint tissues and analyzed the signal pathway of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)as well as the protein expression of nuclear factor NF-κB in the mice’s right foot joint tissues.Additionally,we employed ELISA to detect the levels of interleukin-β(IL-β),IL-17,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the mice’s serum.The results of this study revealed that QJBDT effectively reduced the degree of foot swelling and the arthritis index in collagen-induced arthritis mice while improving their weight loss(P<0.05).Furthermore,it alleviated the pathological damage observed in the mice’s joints.Notably,the expression of transcription factors p38 and NF-κB proteins was down-regulated(P<0.05),and the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-β,IL-17,and TNF-αin the mice’s serum were decreased(P<0.05).In conclusion,this study demonstrated that polysaccharides could inhibit the expression of transcription factors p38 and NF-κB,reduce the production of inflammatory factors,and alleviate the progression of RA to a certain extent.

Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on vascular endothelium factor and expression of RhoA protein factor in young spontaneously hypertensive rats

To investigate the mechanism of effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(HLJD) on vascular endothelium, we assessed the protective effect of HLJD on vascular endothelium in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) and the expression of RhoA in thoracic aorta. A total of 40 SHR rats were randomly and evenly divided into model group(SHR group), positive group(captopril group), HLJD high-dose group, and HLJD low-dose group. Simultaneously, 10 Wistar Kyoto rats were used in the blank group. All groups were treated by gavage for 6 weeks. The changes of nitric oxide synthase(NOS), von Willebrand factor(vWF), endothelin(ET-1) and calmodulin(CAM) in rat serum were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method. The expression of RhoA at the protein and mRNA levels in thoracic aorta was determined by Western blotting(WB) and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Compare with the blank group after 6 weeks, the levels of ET-l and VWF in serum of the model group were significantly increased(P<0.01), and the levels of NOS and CAM were significantly decreased(P<0.01). Conversely, the levels of ET-1 and vWF in the positive and HLJD groups were significantly decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the levels of NOS and CAM were significantly increased(P<0.01 or P<0.05) compared with the model group. The expression of Rho A at the mRNA and protein levels was decreased obviously(P<0.05) in HLJD high-dose group. The results shown that HLJD increased diastolic factor(CAM and NOS) in the vascular endothelial of rats, leading to reduced contraction factor(ET-1 and vWF). HLJD revealed the preventive function in the vascular endothelial dysfunction of the early stage hypertension through adjusting secretion of blood vessel endothelium(BVE) relaxing factor and improving vascular endothelial function. The mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of the activity of RhoA protein factor.

Efficient electro-magnetic analysis of a GPU bitsliced AES implementation

The advent of CUDA-enabled GPU makes it possible to provide cloud applications with high-performance data security services.Unfortunately,recent studies have shown that GPU-based applications are also susceptible to side-channel attacks.These published work studied the side-channel vulnerabilities of GPU-based AES implementations by taking the advantage of the cache sharing among multiple threads or high parallelism of GPUs.Therefore,for GPU-based bitsliced cryptographic implementations,which are immune to the cache-based attacks referred to above,only a power analysis method based on the high-parallelism of GPUs may be effective.However,the leakage model used in the power analysis is not efficient at all in practice.In light of this,we investigate electro-magnetic(EM)side-channel vulnerabilities of a GPU-based bitsliced AES implementation from the perspective of bit-level parallelism and thread-level parallelism in order to make the best of the localization effect of EM leakage with parallelism.Specifically,we propose efficient multi-bit and multi-thread combinational analysis techniques based on the intrinsic properties of bitsliced ciphers and the effect of multi-thread parallelism of GPUs,respectively.The experimental result shows that the proposed combinational analysis methods perform better than non-combinational and intuitive ones.Our research suggests that multi-thread leakages can be used to improve attacks if the multi-thread leakages are not synchronous in the time domain.

Efficient electro-magnetic analysis of a GPU bitsliced AES implementation

The advent of CUDA-enabled GPU makes it possible to provide cloud applications with high-performance data security services.Unfortunately,recent studies have shown that GPU-based applications are also susceptible to side-channel attacks.These published work studied the side-channel vulnerabilities of GPU-based AES implementations by taking the advantage of the cache sharing among multiple threads or high parallelism of GPUs.Therefore,for GPU-based bitsliced cryptographic implementations,which are immune to the cache-based attacks referred to above,only a power analysis method based on the high-parallelism of GPUs may be effective.However,the leakage model used in the power analysis is not efficient at all in practice.In light of this,we investigate electro-magnetic(EM)side-channel vulnerabilities of a GPU-based bitsliced AES implementation from the perspective of bit-level parallelism and thread-level parallelism in order to make the best of the localization effect of EM leakage with parallelism.Specifically,we propose efficient multi-bit and multi-thread combinational analysis techniques based on the intrinsic properties of bitsliced ciphers and the effect of multi-thread parallelism of GPUs,respectively.The experimental result shows that the proposed combinational analysis methods perform better than non-combinational and intuitive ones.Our research suggests that multi-thread leakages can be used to improve attacks if the multi-thread leakages are not synchronous in the time domain.