Effectiveness of ozonated saline in the treatment of VX2 tumors in rabbits

Objective To investigate the efficacy, safety, and associated mechanisms of injected ozonated saline in the treatment of VX2 tumors. Methods A total of 90 rabbits bearing VX2 tumors on their left hind legs were randomly divided into three groups. The control group(A) received normal saline, while groups B and C received 20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL O_3/O_2 ozonated saline, respectively. Rabbits were anesthetized and 2 mL of blood was drawn directly from the heart to measure serum concentrations of interleukin(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α). The skin covering the VX2 tumor was cut in each rabbit and the maximum and vertical diameters of the tumors were measured under direct visualization. Several milliliters of saline, saline pre-treated with 20 μg/mL O_3/O_2, or saline pre-treated with 40 μg/mL O_3/O_2 were directly injected into the tumors of groups A, B, and C, respectively(injection volume(milliliter) =1/2 volume of the tumor, V = 1/2ab^2). On days 4, 8 and 12 following treatment, 10 rabbits were randomly selected from each group for blood sample collection, and serum IL-6 and TNF-α were measured. The tumor growth rate was calculated by measuring the maximum and vertical diameters of the VX2 tumors under direct visualization. All selected rabbits were euthanized and the tumors, livers, and lungs were removed for pathological examination. The tumor necrosis rate was calculated by cutting the tumors into half along the longitudinal axis and measuring the maximum diameters of the intratumoral necrotic regions. Results The average tumor volume in the three groups increased to different degrees at each time point; however, the average tumor growth rates in groups B and C were substantially lower than that in group A, exhibiting a statistically significant difference. The difference in the tumor growth rate between group B and group C was not statistically significant. The serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α increased in the three groups at each time point, with larger increases occurring in groups B and C; however, the greater increases did not reach statistical significance. Although the diameters of the necrotic areas were larger in both groups B and C than that in group A, significant differences in necrotic area diameters were only found when comparing groups A and C on days 4 and 12 following treatment. Conclusion Direct injection of different concentrations of ozonated saline into VX2 tumors significantly increased intratumoral necrosis and reduced the tumor growth rate. The associated mechanism may be partially mediated by IL-6 and TNF-α, as the serum concentrations of these molecules increased after the treatment.

CO2 residual concentration of potassium-promoted hydrotalcite for deep CO/CO2 purification in H2-rich gas

Elevated-temperature pressure swing adsorption is a promising technique for producing high purity hydrogen and controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the CO in H-rich gas could be controlled to trace levels of below 10 ppm by in situ reduction of the COconcentration to less than 100 ppm via the aforementioned process. The COadsorption capacity of potassiumpromoted hydrotalcite at elevated temperatures under different adsorption（mole fraction, working pressure） and desorption（flow rate, desorption time, steam effects） conditions was systematically investigated using a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the COresidual concentration before the breakthrough of COmainly depended on the total amount of purge gas and the COmole fraction in the inlet syngas.The residual COconcentration and uptake achieved for the inlet gas comprising CO（9.7 mL/min） and He（277.6 mL/min） at a working pressure of 3 MPa after 1 h of Ar purging at 300 mL/min were 12.3 ppm and0.341 mmol/g, respectively. Steam purge could greatly improve the cyclic adsorption working capacity, but had no obvious benefit for the recovery of the residual COconcentration compared to purging with an inert gas. The residual COconcentration obtained with the adsorbent could be reduced to 3.2 ppm after 12 h of temperature swing at 450 °C. A new concept based on an adsorption/desorption process, comprising adsorption, steam rinse, depressurization, steam purge, pressurization, and high-temperature steam purge, was proposed for reducing the steam consumption during CO/COpurification.

Development of new technology for coal gasification purification and research on the formation mechanism of pollutants

Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO_(2)emission in China.To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO_(2)capture in coal-fired power systems,an integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC)power generation technology was developed.The interaction mechanisms among coal gasification and purification,fuel cell and other components were further studied for IGFCs.Towards the direction of coal gasification and purification,we studied gasification reaction characteristics of ultrafine coal particles,ash melting characteristics and their effects on coal gasification reactions,the formation mechanism of pollutants.We further develop an elevated temperature/pressure swing adsorption rig for simultaneous H_(2)S and CO_(2)removals.The results show the validity of the Miura-Maki model to describe the gasification of Shenhua bituminous coal with a good fit between the predicted DTG curves and experimental data.The designed 8–6–1 cycle procedure can effectively remove CO_(2)and H_(2)S simultaneously with removal rate over 99.9%.In addition,transition metal oxides used as mercury removal adsorbents in coal gasified syngas were shown with great potential.The techniques presented in this paper can improve the gasification efficiency and reduce the formation of pollutants in IGFCs.

Regeneration behavior of tin oxide sorbent for warm syngas desulfurization

The steam regeneration and SO2 regeneration of tin oxide for warm syngas desulfurization is studied in the temperature range of 400-600 ℃. In the steam regeneration, reversible removal of H2S achieved. Regenerated H2S concentration increased with the increasing regeneration temperature. SnO2 sorbent can achieve a complete regeneration by steam at 500 and 600 ℃. In the 502 regeneration, elemental sulfur was produced by the reaction of SnS and SO2. Raising the regeneration temperature （500-600 ℃） or SO2 concentration （1.5-10 vol%） improved the regeneration rate. Under SO2 regeneration at 500 ℃, SnS2 formed in the sorbent due to the interconversion of tin sulfides. Under steam regeneration or SO2 regeneration, the cyclic breakthrough sulfur capacity of SnO2 sorbent decreased because of the sintering caused by low melting component SnS. A two-stage regeneration process was applied to recover the elemental sulfur which achieved a complete regeneration.

Fabrication and performance of atmospheric plasma sprayed solid oxide fuel cells with liquid antimony anodes

A solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)with a liquid antimony anode(LAA)is a potential energy conversion technology for the use of impurity-containing fuels.Atmospheric plasma spraying(APS)technology has become a promising LAASOFC preparation method because of its economy and convenience.In this paper,button SOFCs with different cathode materials and ratios of pore former were prepared by the APS method and were operated at 750C.The effect of the cathode structure on the electrochemical performance of the LAA-SOFCs was analyzed,and an optimized spraying method for LAA-SOFCs was developed.A tubular LAA-SOFC was prepared using the APS method based on the optimized spraying method,and a peak power of 2.5 W was reached.The tubular cell was also measured at a constant current of 2 A for 20 h and was fed with a sulfur-containing fuel to demonstrate its impurity resistance and electrode stability.

Low Pressure Catalytic Combustion of Hydrogen on Palladium

Exhausts of airship fabric bag in the stratosphere such as hydrogen which can be used for fuels by using catalytic combustion method. This can save the extra fuels used in the power system. Pd/γ- Al2O3 catalyst was prepared in this work by impregnation method and the H2 catalytic combustion reaction kinetic was investigated between the pressure of 3.6 kPa and 101.3 kPa. The effects of temperature, pressure and gas composition ratio were studied in the paper. According to the experiment results, the increase of temperature increases the H2 conversion. The parameter pressure has a positive effect on H2 reaction kinetics and low concentration of H2 in mixtures shows better performance. The dependence of temperature on H2 reaction rate becomes more sensitive in high pressure.

Stable epidermal electronic device with strain isolation induced by in situ Joule heating

Epidermal electronics play increasingly important roles in human-machine intetfaces.However,their efficient fabrication while maintaining device stability and reliability remains an unresolved challenge.Here,a facile in situ Joule heating method is proposed for fabricating stable epidermal electronics on a polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)substrate.Benefiting from the precise control of heating locations,the crystallization and enhanced rigidity of PVA are restricted to desired areas,leading to strain isolation of the active regions.As a result,the electronic device can be conformably attached to skin while showing negligible degradation in device performance during deformation.Based on this method,a flexible surface electromyography(sEMG)sensor with outstanding stability and highly comfortable wearability is demonstrated,showing high accuracy(91.83%)for human hand gesture recognition.These results imply that the fabrication method proposed in this research is a facile and reliable approach for the fabrication of epidermal electronics.

Superelastic alloy based electrical interconnects for highly stretchable electronics

To achieve stretchable inorganic electronics,improving elastic stretchability of the electrical interconnects becomes a bottleneck needed to be addressed.Here,we propose a material of Ni-Ti superelastic alloy for the design and fabrication of deformable interconnects,whose intrinsic elastic property overcomes the low intrinsic elastic strain limit of conventional metals.The serpentine interconnect made by Ni-Ti alloy with an intrinsic elastic strain limit of~7.5%represents a much higher elastic stretchability than conventional Cu interconnect.The deformation behavior of the interconnect is systematically investigated through finite element analysis(FEA)simulations and experiments.The results reveal that the interconnect exhibits an elastic stretchability up to 196%,and its resistance only changes by 0.4%with 100% strain.Moreover,the potentials and challenges of other superelastic alloys as electrical interconnects are discussed.The proposed superelastic alloys fundamentally boost the stretchable properties of electrical interconnects,which would open up opportunities for flexible and stretchable electronics.