Meta-analysis of efficacy of topiramate in migraine prophylaxis

OBJECTIVE：To evaluate the treatment effects and safety of topiramate in migraine prophylaxis. DATA RETRIEVAL：We searched the Medline database,EMbase,Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database for articles published between January 1995 and May 2011,using the key words＂migraine＂,＂topiramate＂,and＂prophylaxis＂. SELECTION CRITERIA：We selected randomized controlled trials of migraine patients,in which the experimental group was orally administered topiramate,and the control group was given placebo. Odds ratios（ORs）and mean differences（MDs）were calculated using a fixed effects model/random effects model.Quality evaluation and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers utilizing RevMan 5.0 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Efficacy was recorded as the responder rate（response defined as at least a 50%reduction in average monthly migraine frequency）and change in mean monthly number of migraine days.Adverse events were recorded as the number of subjects exhibiting at least one adverse event. RESULTS：Eight randomized controlled trials were found to be appropriate,and had available data. The meta-analysis results revealed that topiramate（100 or 200 mg/d）was more effective than placebo in responder rate（OR=2.97,95%confidence interval（CI）：2.17-4.08,P〈0.01;OR=2.35, 95%CI：1.77-3.12,P〈0.01）.Topiramate（100 mg/d）was more effective than placebo in terms of the change in mean monthly migraine days（MD：-1.14,95%CI：-1.69 to-0.59,P〈0.01）.The total incidence rate of adverse events for topiramate was higher than in the placebo group（P〈0.01）,but most adverse events were mild to moderate. CONCLUSION：Overall,topiramate obtained good outcomes and safety in migraine prophylaxis.

Temporal control of the Aux/IAA genes BnIAA32 and BnIAA34 mediates Brassica napus dual shade responses

Precise responses to changes in light quality are crucial for plant growth and development.For example,hypocotyls of shade-avoiding plants typically elongate under shade conditions.Although this typical shade-avoidance response(TSR)has been studied in Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana),the molecular mechanisms underlying shade tolerance are poorly understood.Here we report that B.napus(Brassica napus)seedlings exhibit dual shade responses.In addition to the TSR,B.napus seedlings also display an atypical shade response(ASR),with shorter hypocotyls upon perception of early-shade cues.Genome-wide selective sweep analysis indicated that ASR is associated with light and auxin signaling.Moreover,genetic studies demonstrated that phytochrome A(BnphyA)promotes ASR,whereas BnphyB inhibits it.During ASR,YUCCA8 expression is activated by early-shade cues,leading to increased auxin biosynthesis.This inhibits hypocotyl elongation,as young B.napus seedlings are highly sensitive to auxin.Notably,two non-canonical AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID(Aux/IAA)repressor genes,BnIAA32 and BnIAA34,are expressed during this early stage.BnIAA32 and BnIAA34 inhibit hypocotyl elongation under shade conditions,and mutations in BnIAA32 and BnIAA34 suppress ASR.Collectively,our study demonstrates that the temporal expression of BnIAA32 and BnIAA34 determines the behavior of B.napus seedlings following shade-induced auxin biosynthesis.