Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cyc...Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cycle phases. Input-output analysis is not exactly a LCA （life cycle assessment） method in the strict sense of ISO 14040 standards, which must cover all stages of a product＇s life cycle, ＂from the cradle to the grave＂, so to speak. A tiered hybrid LCA is a useful tool that covers all life cycle stages by combining a process analysis with the input-output analysis method. This study aims to extend input-output analysis to the use, disposal, and recycling stages by using matrix-based method. The new method is applied to the analysis of the embodied CO2 emissions of a refrigerator as a case study. The entire life cycle C02 emissions are estimated to be 2.9 tons, including indirect emissions, and the reduction in CO2 emissions due to recycling steel scrap is calculated as 48.5 kg. The authors conclude that the new method enables a consistent inventory analysis for all life cycle stages by combining process and input-output methods.展开更多
An electricity generation planning model of the six major Chinese power grids was developed based on the General Algebraic Modeling System to evaluate and analyze the CDM （clean development mechanism）, including con...An electricity generation planning model of the six major Chinese power grids was developed based on the General Algebraic Modeling System to evaluate and analyze the CDM （clean development mechanism）, including consideration of the environmental co-benefits of reductions in air pollutants （SO~, NO~ and particulate matter） achieved by advanced electricity generation technologies incorporating CCS （carbon capture and storage）. An objective function was developed that included revenue from sales of electric power, total system cost, the cost of CO2 transport and storage, and emissions reduction co-benefits for SOx, NO~, and particulate matter. The objective function was minimized using an optimization model. We also developed a method for evaluating and analyzing the potential for transferring advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system through the CDM. We found that： （1） thermal power generation is predominant in the Chinese electricity system and will remain so for a long time; （2） advanced thermal plants are being installed as a result of the CDM, which contribute to decreasing emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants; and （3） CCS projects have significant potential to reduce substantial and sustained CO2 emissions from the Chinese power and industrial sectors.展开更多
This study examines the effects of the inclusion of co-benefits on the potential capacity of advanced thermal plants with a linear programming model in the CDM （clean development mechanism） in India＇s power sector....This study examines the effects of the inclusion of co-benefits on the potential capacity of advanced thermal plants with a linear programming model in the CDM （clean development mechanism） in India＇s power sector. It investigates how different marginal damage costs of air pollutants affect the potential capacity of NGCC （natural gas combined cycle） and IGCC （integrated gasification combined cycle） by CDM projects with a scenario analysis. Three results are found from this analysis. First, IGCC and NGCC are installed at lower CER （certified emission reductions） prices when the marginal damage costs of air pollutants are added to the CER prices. Second, the CER prices of $1/tCO2 correspond with the sum of marginal damage costs of air pollutants of $150/t for NGCC and $30/t for IGCC in India＇s power sector. Thus, including the co-benefits into CDM attracts developing countries such as India where coal resource is redundant. Third, the SOx and NOx reduction benefits attained from the CDM projects become large in a grid where IGCC is installed.展开更多
We verified that the matrix method, a process analysis method used mainly for life cycle inventory analysis, has several advantages in the analysis of power systems, which have recently become more complex to enhance ...We verified that the matrix method, a process analysis method used mainly for life cycle inventory analysis, has several advantages in the analysis of power systems, which have recently become more complex to enhance efficiency and to reduce C02 emissions. While designing a conceptual thermodynamic model of a complex power system, the matrix method provides a definite procedure and facilitates calculations, even if there is a recttrsive loop between the upstream and downstream processes. Similarly, in the case of partial modification to the constructed model, the matrix method can potentially reduce the time and effort required to calculate the thermodynamic balances, even if the constructed model is designed by others. In this study, we obtained mass flow and energy balances of example model power systems by the matrix method from the common thermodynamic conditions including temperatures and pressures which are set on the basis of an existing industrial steam power system. While analyzing the environmental impact of complex multiproduct power systems, such as carbon emissions, the matrix method can be used to easily derive the environmental impact of each final product. We could verify the efficacy of the matrix method in accurately deriving that of an example model power system.展开更多
文摘Input-output analysis is widely employed to analyze inventories of a product＇s embodied energy and environmental burdens. However, input-output analysis focuses only on the production stage and ignores other life cycle phases. Input-output analysis is not exactly a LCA （life cycle assessment） method in the strict sense of ISO 14040 standards, which must cover all stages of a product＇s life cycle, ＂from the cradle to the grave＂, so to speak. A tiered hybrid LCA is a useful tool that covers all life cycle stages by combining a process analysis with the input-output analysis method. This study aims to extend input-output analysis to the use, disposal, and recycling stages by using matrix-based method. The new method is applied to the analysis of the embodied CO2 emissions of a refrigerator as a case study. The entire life cycle C02 emissions are estimated to be 2.9 tons, including indirect emissions, and the reduction in CO2 emissions due to recycling steel scrap is calculated as 48.5 kg. The authors conclude that the new method enables a consistent inventory analysis for all life cycle stages by combining process and input-output methods.
文摘An electricity generation planning model of the six major Chinese power grids was developed based on the General Algebraic Modeling System to evaluate and analyze the CDM （clean development mechanism）, including consideration of the environmental co-benefits of reductions in air pollutants （SO~, NO~ and particulate matter） achieved by advanced electricity generation technologies incorporating CCS （carbon capture and storage）. An objective function was developed that included revenue from sales of electric power, total system cost, the cost of CO2 transport and storage, and emissions reduction co-benefits for SOx, NO~, and particulate matter. The objective function was minimized using an optimization model. We also developed a method for evaluating and analyzing the potential for transferring advanced power generation technologies into the Chinese power system through the CDM. We found that： （1） thermal power generation is predominant in the Chinese electricity system and will remain so for a long time; （2） advanced thermal plants are being installed as a result of the CDM, which contribute to decreasing emissions of CO2 and other air pollutants; and （3） CCS projects have significant potential to reduce substantial and sustained CO2 emissions from the Chinese power and industrial sectors.
文摘This study examines the effects of the inclusion of co-benefits on the potential capacity of advanced thermal plants with a linear programming model in the CDM （clean development mechanism） in India＇s power sector. It investigates how different marginal damage costs of air pollutants affect the potential capacity of NGCC （natural gas combined cycle） and IGCC （integrated gasification combined cycle） by CDM projects with a scenario analysis. Three results are found from this analysis. First, IGCC and NGCC are installed at lower CER （certified emission reductions） prices when the marginal damage costs of air pollutants are added to the CER prices. Second, the CER prices of $1/tCO2 correspond with the sum of marginal damage costs of air pollutants of $150/t for NGCC and $30/t for IGCC in India＇s power sector. Thus, including the co-benefits into CDM attracts developing countries such as India where coal resource is redundant. Third, the SOx and NOx reduction benefits attained from the CDM projects become large in a grid where IGCC is installed.
文摘We verified that the matrix method, a process analysis method used mainly for life cycle inventory analysis, has several advantages in the analysis of power systems, which have recently become more complex to enhance efficiency and to reduce C02 emissions. While designing a conceptual thermodynamic model of a complex power system, the matrix method provides a definite procedure and facilitates calculations, even if there is a recttrsive loop between the upstream and downstream processes. Similarly, in the case of partial modification to the constructed model, the matrix method can potentially reduce the time and effort required to calculate the thermodynamic balances, even if the constructed model is designed by others. In this study, we obtained mass flow and energy balances of example model power systems by the matrix method from the common thermodynamic conditions including temperatures and pressures which are set on the basis of an existing industrial steam power system. While analyzing the environmental impact of complex multiproduct power systems, such as carbon emissions, the matrix method can be used to easily derive the environmental impact of each final product. We could verify the efficacy of the matrix method in accurately deriving that of an example model power system.
