BIFURCATION ANALYSIS IN A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL WITH AN ALLEE EFFECT AND A DELAYED MECHANISM

Regarding delay-induced predator-prey models, much research has been done on delayed destabilization, but whether delays are stabilizing or destabilizing is a subtle issue. In this study, we investigate predator-prey dynamics affected by both delays and the Allee effect. We analyze the consequences of delays in different feedback mechanisms. The existence of a Hopf bifurcation is studied, and we calculate the value of the delay that leads to the Hopf bifurcation. Furthermore, applying the normal form theory and a center manifold theorem, we consider the direction and stability of the Hopf bifurcation. Finally, we present numerical experiments that validate our theoretical analysis. Interestingly, depending on the chosen delay mechanism, we find that delays are not necessarily destabilizing. The Allee effect generally increases the stability of the equilibrium, and when the Allee effect involves a delay term, the stabilization effect is more pronounced.

Composition,function,and timing:exploring the early‑life gut microbiota in piglets for probiotic interventions

Background The establishment of a robust gut microbiota in piglets during their early developmental stage holds the potential for long-term advantageous effects.However,the optimal timeframe for introducing probiotics to achieve this outcome remains uncertain.Results In the context of this investigation,we conducted a longitudinal assessment of the fecal microbiota of 63 piglets at three distinct pre-weaning time points.Simultaneously,we gathered vaginal and fecal samples from 23 sows.Employing 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing methodologies,we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the fluctuation patterns in microbial composition,functional capacity,interaction networks,and colonization resistance within the gut microbiota of piglets.As the piglets progressed in age,discernible modifications in intestinal microbial diversity,composition,and function were observed.A source-tracking analysis unveiled the pivotal role of fecal and vaginal microbiota derived from sows in populating the gut microbiota of neonatal piglets.By D21,the microbial interaction network displayed a more concise and efficient configuration,accompanied by enhanced colonization resistance relative to the other two time points.Moreover,we identified three strains of Ruminococcus sp.at D10 as potential candidates for improving piglets’weight gain during the weaning phase.Conclusions The findings of this study propose that D10 represents the most opportune juncture for the introduction of external probiotic interventions during the early stages of piglet development.This investigation augments our comprehension of the microbiota dynamics in early-life of piglets and offers valuable insights for guiding forthcoming probiotic interventions.

Mitophagy-related gene signature predicts prognosis,immune infiltration and chemotherapy sensitivity in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Mitophagy plays essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer(CRC). However, the effect of mitophagy-related genes in CRC remains largely unknown.AIM To develop a mitophagy-related gene signature to predict the survival, immune infiltration and chemotherapy response of CRC patients.METHODS Non-negative matrix factorization was used to cluster CRC patients from Gene Expression Omnibus database(GSE39582, GSE17536, and GSE37892) based on mitophagy-related gene expression. The CIBERSORT method was applied for the evaluation of the relative infiltration levels of immune cell types. The performance signature in predicting chemotherapeutic sensitivity was generated using data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database.RESULTS Three clusters with different clinicopathological features and prognosis were identified. Higher enrichment of activated B cells and CD4+ T cells were observed in cluster Ⅲ patients with the most favorable prognosis. Next, a risk model based on mitophagy-related genes was developed. Patients in training and validation sets were categorized into low-risk and highrisk subgroups. Low risk patients showed significantly better prognosis, higher enrichment of immune activating cells and greater response to chemotherapy(oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and 5-fluorouracil) compared to high-risk patients. Further experiments identified CXCL3 as novel regulator of cell proliferation and mitophagy.CONCLUSION We revealed the biological roles of mitophagy-related genes in the immune infiltration, and its ability to predict patients’ prognosis and response to chemotherapy in CRC. These interesting findings would provide new insight into the therapeutic management of CRC patients.

Potential effects of sea level rise on the soil-atmosphere green-house gas emissions in Kandelia obovata mangrove forests

Mangrove forests are under the stress of sea level rise(SLR)which would affect mangrove soil biogeochemistry.Mangrove soils are important sources of soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,including carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O).Understanding how SLR influences GHG emissions is critical for evaluating mangrove blue carbon capability.In this study,potential effects of SLR on the GHG emissions were quantified through static closed chamber technique among three sites under different intertidal elevations,representing tidal flooding situation of SLR values of 0 cm,40 cm and 80 cm,respectively.Compared with Site SLR 0 cm,annual CO_(2) and N_(2)O fluxes decreased by approximately 75.0%and 27.3%due to higher soil water content,lower salinity and soil nutrient environments at Site SLR 80 cm.However,CH_(4) fluxes increased by approximately 13.7%at Site SLR 40 cm and 8.8%at Site SLR 80 cm because of lower salinity,higher soil water content and soil pH.CO_(2)-equivalent fluxes were 396.61 g/(m^(2)·a),1423.29 g/(m^(2)·a)and 1420.21 g/(m^(2)·a)at Sites SLR 80 cm,SLR 40 cm and SLR 0 cm,respectively.From Site SLR 0 cm to Site SLR 80 cm,contribution rate of N_(2)O and CH_(4) increased by approximately 7.42%and 3.02%,while contribution rate of CO_(2) decreased by approximately 10.44%.The results indicated that warming potential of trace CH_(4) and N_(2)O was non-negligible with SLR.Potential effects of SLR on the mangrove blue carbon capability should warrant attention due to changes of all three greenhouse gas fluxes with SLR.

Lateral Migration and Nonuniform Rotation of Square Particle Suspended in Poiseuille Flow

A square particle suspended in a Poiseuille flow is investigated by using the lattice Boltzmann method with the Galilean-invariant momentum exchange method. The lateral migration of Segré-Silberberg effect is observed for the square particle, accompanied by the nonuniform rotation and regular wave. To compare with the circular particle, its circumscribed and inscribed squares are used in the simulations. Because the circumscribed square takes up a greater difference between the upper and lower flow rates, it reaches the equilibrium position earlier than the inscribed one. The trajectories of the latter are much closer to those of circle;this indicates that the circle and its inscribed square have a similar hydrodynamic radius in a Poiseuille flow. The equilibrium positions of the square particles change with Reynolds number and show a shape of saddle, whereas those of the circular particles are virtually not affected by Reynolds number. The regular wave and nonuniform rotation are owing to the interactions of the square shape and the parabolic velocity distribution of Poiseuille flow, and high Reynolds number makes the square rotating faster and decrease its oscillating amplitude. A series of contours illustrate the dynamic flow fields when the square particle has successive postures in a half rotating period. This study is beneficial to understand the motion of anisotropic particles and the dendrite growth in dynamic environment.

基于拟蒙特卡罗模拟法的电-热联合系统概率能量流分析

电-热联合系统中分布式可再生能源出力波动大、电和热负荷随机变化。建立电-热联合系统含不确定性的稳态能量流模型。通过Sobol点列构造低偏差点列,基于拟蒙特卡罗模拟法对随机变量抽样,考虑随机变量之间的相关性,求解电-热联合系统的概率能量流。算例表明所提方法收敛稳定性好,为后续研究电-热联合系统安全分析奠定了基础。

Cold acclimation improves photosynthesis by regulating the ascorbate–glutathione cycle in chloroplasts of Kandelia obovata

As the most northerly mangrove species in China, Kandelia obovata may undergo extreme cold event stress. Enhancing the cold tolerance of this species is crucial to its successful afforestation. This study aimed to determine the resistance of K. obovata seedlings to low temperature stress by cold acclimation and to explain the mechanisms for alleviating cold injury. To understand these mechanisms, seedlings that were acclimatized and not acclimatized were exposed to 5℃/- 2℃(day/night)for 48 h.Results showed that low temperature stress reduced leaf photosynthesis of non-acclimatized seedlings by inducing oxidative stress and structural damage to chloroplasts. These phenomena were shown by increasing levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), O2-and H2O2, as well as decreasing enzyme activities in the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle. However, cold-acclimatized seedlings had improved photosynthetic rates and efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) under low temperature stress. Compared with non-acclimatized seedlings, leaves of coldacclimatized seedlings under low temperature stress for 48 h exhibited higher anti-oxidative enzyme activities, lower levels of O2^- and H2O2, less damage to chloroplast structure, and removed 33.7% of MDA at low temperature stress for 48 h. The data indicate that cold acclimation enhances photosynthetic capacity by effectively regulating activation in the PSII electron transport and the AsA–GSH cycle to scavenge excess ROS in chloroplasts, while the latter is more important.

Early Jurassic basal sauropodomorpha dominated tracks from Guizhou, China: Morphology, ethology, and paleoenvironment

The newly discovered large(350 m^2) Yantan dinosaur tracksite, in the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Guizhou Province, China, reveals at least 250 footprints of which ~97 can be resolved into trackways of sauropodomorphs. All the trackways are sub parallel likely indicating gregarious behavior. One theropod track(cf. Grallator) was recorded. The sauropodomorph tracks predominantly represent quadrupedal progression(Morphotype A), and footprint morphology is similar to the ichnospecies Liujianpusshunan, characterized by outward pes rotation. Three trackways indicate bipedal progression, and two of these(Morphotype B) indicate inward pes rotation, accompanied by elongate pes digit scratch marks. For the latter phenomenon three possible scenarios are discussed:(1) significant rotation changes accompanying changes in gait,(2) swimming behavior,(3) formation of undertracks.Sedimentological evidence indicates the tracks were made on a linguloid rippled, muddy, immature sandstone substrate characterized by significant differences in substrate consistency across the trackbearing surface. Microbially induced sedimentary structures(MISS) characterized by distinctive wrinkle marks indicate a stressed, probably semi-arid, paleoenvironment that was not conducive to habitation by invertebrate organisms. This is consistent with other evidence that Lower Jurassic sauropodomorph tracks are often associated with semi-arid paleoenvironments.

Protective effect of nitric oxide on hepatopulmonary syndrome from ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM:To evaluate immunological protection of nitric oxide(NO) in hepatopulmonary syndrome and probable mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion(IR) injury in rat liver transplantation.METHODS:Sixty-six healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups(11 donor/recipi-ent pairs).In group Ⅱ,organ preservation solution was lactated Ringer's solution with heparin 10 000/L at 4 ℃.In groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ,the preservation solution added,respectively,L-arginine or N G-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)(1 mmol/L) based on group Ⅱ,and recipients were injected with L-arginine or L-NAME(50 mg/kg) in the anhepatic phase.Grafted livers in each group were stored for 6 h and implanted into recipients.Five rats were used for observation of postoperative survival in each group.The other six rats in each group were used to obtain tissue samples,and executed at 3 h and 24 h after transplantation.The levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-and NO metabolites(NOx) were detected,and expression of NO synthase,TNF-and intercellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) was examined by triphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase histochemical and immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS:By supplementing L-arginine to strengthen the NO pathway,a high survival rate was achieved and hepatic function was improved.One-week survival rate of grafted liver recipients in group Ⅰ was significantly increased(28.8 ± 36.6 d vs 4 ± 1.7 d,P < 0.01) as compared with groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Serum levels of ALT in group Ⅰ were 2-7 times less than those in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ(P < 0.01).The cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP) levels in liver tissue and NOx in group Ⅰ were 3-4 times higher than those of group Ⅱ after 3 h and 24 h reperfusion,while in group Ⅲ,they were significantly reduced as compared with those in group Ⅱ(P < 0.01).The levels of TNF-in group Ⅰ were significantly lower than in group Ⅱ after 3 h and 24 h reperfusion(P < 0.01),while being significantly higher in group Ⅲ than group Ⅱ(P < 0.01).Histopathology revealed more severe tissue damage in graft liver and lung tissues,and a more severe inflammatory response of the recipient after using NO synthase inhibitor,while the pathological damage to grafted liver and the recipient's lung tissues was signifi-cantly reduced in group Ⅰ after 3 h and 24 h reperfusion.A small amount of constitutive NO synthase(cNOS) was expressed in liver endothelial cells after 6 h cold storage,but there was no expression of inducible NO synthase(iNOS).Expression of cNOS was particularly significant in vascular endothelial cells and liver cells at 3 h and 24 h after reperfusion in group Ⅱ,but expression of iNOS and ICAM-1 was low in group Ⅰ.There was diffuse strong expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-in group Ⅲ at 3 h after reperfusion.CONCLUSION:The NO/cGMP pathway may be critical in successful organ transplantation,especially in treating hepatopulmonary syndrome during cold IR injury in rat orthotopic liver transplantation.

染色质转座酶可及性测序研究进展

染色质转座酶可及性测序(assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing,ATAC-seq)诞生于2013年,具有比脱氧核糖核酸酶I超敏感位点测序(deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitive site sequencing, DNase-seq)和微球菌核酸酶敏感位点测序(micrococcal nuclease sequencing, MNase-seq)更快速、灵敏、简便的优点,是目前分析全基因组范围染色质开放区域的热点技术。通过该技术能获得染色质开放区域的相关信息,从而映射出转录因子等调控蛋白的结合区域和核小体定位等信息,对于研究表观遗传分子机制具有重要意义。本文比较了5种获取染色质开放区域技术的优缺点,重点介绍了ATAC-seq的原理和主要流程,描述了利用ATAC-seq技术研究染色质开放区域的发展概况以及ATAC-seq的相关应用,期望对真核生物全基因组水平的染色质开放区域研究、顺式调控元件鉴定以及遗传调控网络的解析等提供借鉴。

Synthesis and thermal stability of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant

包含膨胀火焰的新奇的磷氮延迟蚂蚁(P N IFR ) 与 N-methylaniline 经由 dichloropentate 的反应被准备。产品的结构被 1H NMR， 31P NMR， MS 和红外证实。TGA 分析证明它有有效热稳定性。

Polydentate cyclotriphosphazene ligands:Design,synthesis and bioactivity

Five multinuclear cyclotriphosphazene ligands were synthesized and tested for their cleavage activities to plasmid DNA. All of these new compounds were confirmed by MS, ^1H NMR, ^31P NMR, ^13C NMR and IR. Preliminary studies on the cleavage of pUC19 DNA in the presence of metal complexes were performed. The results revealed that these complexes could act as powerful catalysts under physiological conditions. The complexes 3b ＋ Cu can effectively cleave DNA to nicked form, giving hydrolysis rate constant of 0.08/h under physiological conditions. An acid-base catalyzed DNA phosphate-diester hydrolysis mechanism was also orooosed.

Synthesis and Cleavage Activity of Artifical Minic Polypeptides

Two artificial minic polypeptides which are synthetic analogues of natural products with DNA affinity were synthesized, and theirs cleavage activity with DNA were examined. The structures of these compounds was confirmed by ^1H NMR, MS and IR.

Biomass accumulation and organic carbon stocks of Kandelia obovata mangrove vegetation under different simulated sea levels

Mangrove forests are vulnerably threatened by sea level rise(SLR).Vegetation organic carbon(OC)stocks are important for mangrove ecosystem carbon cycle.It is critical to understand how SLR affects vegetation OC stocks for evaluating mangrove blue carbon budget and global climate change.In this study,biomass accumulation and OC stocks of mangrove vegetation were compared among three 10 year-old Kandelia obovata(a common species in China)mangrove forests under three intertidal elevations through species-specific allometric equations.This study simulated mangrove forests with SLR values of 0 cm,40 cm and 80 cm,respectively,representing for the current,future~100 a and future~200 a SLR of mangrove forests along the Jiulong River Estuary,China.SLR directly decreased mangrove individual density and inhibited the growth of mangrove vegetation.The total vegetation biomasses were(12.86±0.95)kg/m^2,(7.97±0.90)kg/m^2 and(3.89±0.63)kg/m^2 at Sites SLR 0 cm,SLR40 cm and SLR 80 cm,respectively.The total vegetation OC stock decreased by approximately 3.85 kg/m^2(in terms of C)from Site SLR 0 cm to Site SLR 80 cm.Significantly lower vegetation biomass and OC stock of various components(stem,branch,leaf and root)were found at Site SLR 80 cm.Annual increments of vegetation biomass and OC stock also decreased with SLR increase.Moreover,significant lower sedimentation rate was found at Site SLR 80 cm.These indicated that SLR will decrease mangrove vegetation biomass and OC stock,which may reduce global blue carbon sink by mangroves,exacerbate global warming and give positive feedback to SLR.

Largest dinosaur tracksite in China (Cretaceous, Zhaojue area, Sichuan Province): On the verge of destruction

The Zhaojue(ZJ)tracksites represent multiple steeply-inclined,track-bearing exposures in the clastic Feitianshan Formation of Sichuan Province that have been sequentially,excavated,mapped,expanded and destroyed,by quarrying,erosion or collapse,for almost three decades.The quarried area extends for more almost 1.0 km from north to south and-0.5 km from east to west.Four important track-bearing surfaces have been identified and identified as ZJ-Ⅰ,ZJ-Ⅱ,ZJ-ⅡN and ZJ-Ⅲ,some of which are newly exposed surfaces or expanded surfaces that were previously partially described.Others represent surfaces lost since they were first reported in papers published in 2014-2016.The ZJ-Ⅱ site represents a hugely expanded continuation of a much smaller track-bearing surface described in 2014.It was mapped using drone technology,and now represents the largest tracksite in China,with a minimum count of 933 recognizable tracks,and the longest recorded sauropod and ornithopod trackways from China(-80 m and-52 m respectively),which also reveal a pronounced change in the direction of trackmaker movement.The ZJ-Ⅱ surface represents the best Zhaojue paleo-census sample giving a count of 68 individuals from 61 trackways(37 ornithopod,10 theropod,14 sauropod)and isolated tracks(representing 7 individuals).Thus,ornithopods(both large and small trackmakers)represent-54%of the total number of trackways.The smaller ZJ-Ⅲ surface was mapped using traditional methods,and reveals at least 6 ornithopod-and 4 theropod trackways.Both the ZJ-Ⅱ and ZJ-Ⅲ surfaces reveal parallel ornithopod trackways suggestive of social or gregarious behavior.The combined data from all four Zhaojue surfaces reveal a total of 1928 tracks,and include a few previously reported pterosaurs and theropod swim tracks.The Zhaojue quarry complex provide a good example of multiple track-bearing sites(surfaces)that require long term study and monitoring to extract as much trackway data as possible before in situ physical evidence is lost.

Synthesis of Skipped Aminodienes by a Ni-Catalyzed Ring-Opening/Cross-Coupling Reaction of Vinylaziridines with Multifunctional Organoboronic Acids

Skipped dienes are of great importance but remain challenging to synthesize because of the presence of a sp hybrid carbon between the two alkenes.Herein,we have developed the first nickel-catalyzed regio-,(E)-stereo-and linear-selective ring-opening/cross-coupling reaction of vinylaziridines with organoboronic acids under mild conditions to construct various skipped aminodienes.The reaction exhibits wide functional-group compatibility,and could be adapted for the introduction of skipped aminodiene functionality into bioactive molecules.

A new rhodamine-based fluorescent chemosensor for mercury in aqueous media

A new fluorescent ＂on-off＇ chemosensor for Hg2＋ initiated by a derivative of rhodamine B was designed and synthesized. Compound 1 exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for Hg2＋ over other commonly coexistent metal ions in aqueous media, Upon the addition of Hg2＋, the spirocyclic ring of probe is opened and a significant enhancement of visible color and fluorescence in the range of 500-600 nm is observed, The colorimetric and fluorescent response to Hg2＋ can be conveniently detected by the naked eye, which provides a facile method for visual detection of Hg2＋, From the molecular structure and spectral results of 1, an irreversible, hydrolysis, desulfurization reaction mechanism is proposed.

Mechanisms on inhibition of photosynthesis in Kandelia obovata due to extreme cold events under climate change

Introduction:Mangroves that grow at the latitudinal extremes of their distribution are susceptible to extreme cold events.Successive enhancement of low temperature stress(seLTS)is a typical characteristic of extreme cold events.Low temperature stress can inhibit mangrove photosynthesis,which often inhibits the growth and development of mangroves.However,the possible reasons for impairment to photosynthesis of mangroves due to extreme cold events remain unclear.Methods:Kandelia obovata seedlings in a growth chamber were exposed to 5℃/−2℃(day/night)for 36 h(−2℃ for 16 h)with 12 h light per day at 600μmol m^(−2) s^(−1) photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)(a low temperature stress,aLTS),then the plants were transferred to the control condition(15℃/10℃(day/night)and allowed to recover for 5 days(R1).The other seedlings were subjected to low temperature treatment with a day/night temperature of 5℃/−1℃ in a growth chamber for 24 h.Then these plants were transferred to 5℃/−2℃(day/night)under the same light and climate conditions for 36 h(two low temperature stresses,tLTS).Following the successive enhancement of low temperature treatment,these plants were returned to 15℃/10℃(day/night)for another 5-day recovery period(R2).Results:Results showed that aLTS treatment significantly reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and stomatal conductance(G_(s)),while increased intercellular CO_(2) concentration(C_(i)).Photosynthetic activity of leaves quickly recovered after the plants were returned to control temperature for 5 days(R1).However,decreases in leaf Pn were more obvious under tLTS treatment than those under aLTS treatment.This reduced Pn might be attributed to stomatal and non-stomatal limitations.Moreover,non-stomatal limitation played a major role in reducing Pn during tLTS treatment,as proven by reduced ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase(RuBPCase)activity.This limitation also enhanced lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts,decreased sucrosemetabolizing enzymes and ratios of both chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b(Chl a/b)and chlorophyll/carotenoids(Chl/Car),and increased protease senescence.Damages of tLTS treatment to photosynthesis were insufficiently alleviated even after the plants were returned to control temperature for 5 days(R2).Conclusions:Successive enhancement of low temperature depressed successful recovery of leaf photosynthesis of K.obovata seedlings mainly by impairing pigment synthesis,antioxidant metabolism,and sucrose translocation,as well as accelerating senescence of endopeptidase.Furthermore,our results suggest that decreases in sucrose content in leaves might also account for increases in reactive oxygen species(ROS)in chloroplasts.

Recovery of photosynthesis,sucrose metabolism,and proteolytic enzymes in Kandelia obovata from rare cold events in the northernmost mangrove,China

Introduction:Understanding how mangroves respond to rare cold events has implications for both restoration and conservation under climate change scenarios.This study investigated the responses of photosynthesis and activities of key enzymes involving carbon and nitrogen metabolism at different ages of Kandelia obovata to a rare cold event in the winter of 2010.Methods:This study took place on Ximen Island,Zhejiang Province,China.We measured the physiological recovery of 2-3-,5-6-,9-10-and 54-55-year-old K.obovata trees after freezing injury in February and March in 2011 and 2012,respectively.Results:Chilling injury index and electrolyte leakage of K.obovata increased with increasing tree age in the winter of 2010,and electrolyte leakage in K.obovata at different ages in the winter of 2010 was far higher than that in the winter of 2011.The rare cold events significantly changed the recoveries of the leaf net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and stomatal conductance(Gs);ratios of chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b(Chl a/Chl b);contents of total soluble sugar(TSS),sucrose,free amino acid(FAA),and soluble protein;and activities of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),endopeptidase,and carboxypeptidase in K.obovata at different ages.These effects were mainly due to changes in the physiological mechanism in the 2-year-old trees.A clear decrease in Pn of the 2-year-old trees was observed in February 2011,as exemplified by reductions in ratios of Chl a/Chl b and chlorophyll/carotenoid(Chl/Car),as well as inhibition of the levels of TSS and FAA(osmotic substances).During recovery in 2011 and 2012,the activities of SPS and sucrose synthase(SS)were responsible for sucrose synthesis after the rare cold events in 2011,but only SPS activity was one of the main factors contributing to the metabolism of stachyose to sucrose without cold damage in 2012.Carboxypeptidase played a more important role than endopeptidase during protein hydrolysis after the rare cold events.Conclusions:The results suggest that the recovery of photosynthetic capacity in K.obovata was changed after a rare cold event,which is associated with pigment components and activities of SS,SPS,and carboxypeptidase,especially the seedlings.

SCHEDULING ALGORITHM BASED ON FOLLOW-UP SHARING CHARACTER FOR POST-EVENT RESPONSE RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN LARGE-SCAL DISASTERS

Post-event response planners must develop effective and efficient plans for the proper allocation and distribution of resources to impacted areas （IAs） within a critical time window. To determine the effectiveness and efficiency of distribution plans, this study addresses resource allocation effectiveness losses （RAEL, or losses caused by the mismatch between supply and demand in IAs） and emergency logistics time costs （ELTC, or transportation time of logistics processes under emergency conditions）. Moreover, this study examines a follow-up sharing character （FSC） that coordinates resources among different phases. This research proposes an integrated model （IM） based on this character. This model aims to minimize RAEL and ELTC. Furthermore, the IM combines the time dimension model （TDM）, which coordinates the demands and supplies of all phases in the planning horizon, and the space dimension model （SDM）, which generates a specific distribution plan for the first phase. An analytical solution is obtained for the TDM as per the definition of FSC, after which the SDM is solved through a single-objective linear programming model. After solving the IM effectively, we fred that the proposed methodology fits the emergency circumstance well. Insights derived from the model are also presented in the conclusion.）