Hypoxia may cause severe disturbances to coastal ecosystems.The potential effects of summer hypoxia on zooplankton communities in Sishili Bay,China,was investigated in three cruises conducted during the summer from 20...Hypoxia may cause severe disturbances to coastal ecosystems.The potential effects of summer hypoxia on zooplankton communities in Sishili Bay,China,was investigated in three cruises conducted during the summer from 2015 to 2017.Comparative analysis was performed on zooplankton communities at hypoxic and normoxic sites.Results show that the number and abundance of zooplankton species at hypoxic sites were lower than those at normoxic sites.Copepods exhibited greater dominance at the hypoxic sites compared to the normoxic sites,suggesting a higher tolerance to low oxygen concentrations than other taxonomic groups.Specifically,Oithona spp.was particularly prevalent at hypoxic sites and displayed a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen concentration at sea bottom.Additionally,the zooplankton community at hypoxic sites also exhibited lower Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef richness indices.The normalized biovolume size spectrum of the hypoxic sites showed steep slopes,suggesting a shift towards smaller species and lower transfer efficiency in pelagic food webs for the zooplankton community.展开更多
Very little is known about the role of melatonin in the trigeminal system, including the function of melatonin receptor 1. In the present study, adult rats were injected with formaldehyde into the right vibrissae pad ...Very little is known about the role of melatonin in the trigeminal system, including the function of melatonin receptor 1. In the present study, adult rats were injected with formaldehyde into the right vibrissae pad to establish a model of orofacial inflammatory pain. The distribution of melatonin re- ceptor 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and trigeminal ganglion was determined with immunohistochemistry and histo- chemistry. The results show that there are significant differences in melatonin receptor 1 expression and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase expression in the trigeminal ganglia and caudal spinal nucleus during the early stage of orofacial inflammatory pain. Our findings sug- gest that when melatonin receptor 1 expression in the caudal spinal nucleus is significantly reduced, melatonin＇s regulatory effect on pain is attenuated.展开更多
Melatonin, as an endogenous hormone produced mainly in the pineal gland in a clear circadian fashion, has diverse physiological functions, such as the control of circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, antioxidant, etc. ...Melatonin, as an endogenous hormone produced mainly in the pineal gland in a clear circadian fashion, has diverse physiological functions, such as the control of circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, antioxidant, etc. Recently, accumulating researches about melatonin and pain have been reported. In this review, comparison and summary about analgesic/proalgesic effect of melatonin in inflammatory and neuropathic pain will be made. Some possible pathways of melatonin involved in dual pain modulation might help to explain all these conflicting results in various situations.展开更多
The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high v...The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high volume instrumentation(HVITM)protocol.In most scenarios,cotton breeders/geneticists sent cotton breeding line field trial samples to laboratories equipped to use the HVI^TM systems available for fiber micronaire determination.Researchers have previously investigated the use of NIR as an alternative means of measuring micronaire either at breeding sites or in standard laboratories.As a proof-of-concept investigation,this study collected both near infrared(NIR)spectra and HVI^TM micronaire from a total of 381 cottons harvested in the 2011 and 2012 crop years.Partial least square(PLS)calibration model relating NIR spectral information to fiber HVITM micronaire was developed and then applied to both a validation sample set from identical crop years and an independent test sample set from the 2014 crop year.Results indicated an acceptable bias(or differences between HVI^TM measured and NIR predicted micronaire)and an over 97%correctly predicted micronaire(within±0.30 micronaire unit)in an independent test set.Therefore,the development of a robust and effective NIR model for rapid laboratory micronaire assessment that would be applicable to remote/breeding locations is feasible.展开更多
Being sessile,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to balance between growth and defense to survive in the harsh environment.The transition from growth to defense is commonly achieved by factors,such as protei...Being sessile,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to balance between growth and defense to survive in the harsh environment.The transition from growth to defense is commonly achieved by factors,such as protein kinases(PKs)and transcription factors,that initiate signal transduction and regulate specialized metabolism.Plants produce an array of lineage-specific specialized metabolites for chemical defense and stress tolerance.Some of these molecules are also used by humans as drugs.However,many of these defense-responsive metabolites are toxic to plant cells and inhibitory to growth and development.Plants have,thus,evolved complex regulatory networks to balance the accumulation of the toxic metabolites.Perception of external stimuli is a vital part of the regulatory network.Protein kinase-mediated signaling activates a series of defense responses by phosphorylating the target pro-teins and translating the stimulus into downstream cellular signaling.As biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is triggered when plants perceive stimuli,a possible connection between PKs and spe-cial ized meta bolism is well recognized.However,the roles of PKs in plant specialized metabolism have not received much attention until recently.Here,we summarize the recent advances in understanding PKs in plant specialized metabolism.We aim to highlight how the stimulatory signals are transduced,leading to the biosynthesis of corresponding metabolites.We discuss the post-translational regulation of specialized metabolism and provide insights into the mechanisms by which plants respond to the external signals.In addition,we propose possible strategies to increase the production of plant spe-cial ized metabolites in biotechnological applications using PKs.展开更多
Dear Editor,Influenza B viruses(IBVs)have circulated among humans for more than 80 years.Seasonal influenza virus epidemics caused by two IBV lines(Victoria and Yamagata)and influenza A virus have considerable effects...Dear Editor,Influenza B viruses(IBVs)have circulated among humans for more than 80 years.Seasonal influenza virus epidemics caused by two IBV lines(Victoria and Yamagata)and influenza A virus have considerable effects on public health globally and result in approximately290,000–650,000 annual influenza-attributed deaths(Caini et al.,2015;Pan et al.,2015).Currently,the most effective countermeasures against influenza B virus infections are influenza virus vaccines(Subbarao and Matsuoka,2013).However,these vaccines have limited efficacy because only strain-matched humoral immune responses are induced.展开更多
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23050303)the Taishan Scholars Program(No.202211263)the Scientific Research Instrument and Equipment Development Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YJKYYQ20210034)。
文摘Hypoxia may cause severe disturbances to coastal ecosystems.The potential effects of summer hypoxia on zooplankton communities in Sishili Bay,China,was investigated in three cruises conducted during the summer from 2015 to 2017.Comparative analysis was performed on zooplankton communities at hypoxic and normoxic sites.Results show that the number and abundance of zooplankton species at hypoxic sites were lower than those at normoxic sites.Copepods exhibited greater dominance at the hypoxic sites compared to the normoxic sites,suggesting a higher tolerance to low oxygen concentrations than other taxonomic groups.Specifically,Oithona spp.was particularly prevalent at hypoxic sites and displayed a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen concentration at sea bottom.Additionally,the zooplankton community at hypoxic sites also exhibited lower Shannon-Wiener diversity and Margalef richness indices.The normalized biovolume size spectrum of the hypoxic sites showed steep slopes,suggesting a shift towards smaller species and lower transfer efficiency in pelagic food webs for the zooplankton community.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81271166,81371107the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province in China,No.10451008901006145
文摘Very little is known about the role of melatonin in the trigeminal system, including the function of melatonin receptor 1. In the present study, adult rats were injected with formaldehyde into the right vibrissae pad to establish a model of orofacial inflammatory pain. The distribution of melatonin re- ceptor 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and trigeminal ganglion was determined with immunohistochemistry and histo- chemistry. The results show that there are significant differences in melatonin receptor 1 expression and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase expression in the trigeminal ganglia and caudal spinal nucleus during the early stage of orofacial inflammatory pain. Our findings sug- gest that when melatonin receptor 1 expression in the caudal spinal nucleus is significantly reduced, melatonin＇s regulatory effect on pain is attenuated.
文摘Melatonin, as an endogenous hormone produced mainly in the pineal gland in a clear circadian fashion, has diverse physiological functions, such as the control of circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, antioxidant, etc. Recently, accumulating researches about melatonin and pain have been reported. In this review, comparison and summary about analgesic/proalgesic effect of melatonin in inflammatory and neuropathic pain will be made. Some possible pathways of melatonin involved in dual pain modulation might help to explain all these conflicting results in various situations.
文摘The term‘‘micronaire”describes an important cotton fiber property by characterizing both the fiber maturity and fineness.In practice,micronaire is regularly measured in laboratories with the well established high volume instrumentation(HVITM)protocol.In most scenarios,cotton breeders/geneticists sent cotton breeding line field trial samples to laboratories equipped to use the HVI^TM systems available for fiber micronaire determination.Researchers have previously investigated the use of NIR as an alternative means of measuring micronaire either at breeding sites or in standard laboratories.As a proof-of-concept investigation,this study collected both near infrared(NIR)spectra and HVI^TM micronaire from a total of 381 cottons harvested in the 2011 and 2012 crop years.Partial least square(PLS)calibration model relating NIR spectral information to fiber HVITM micronaire was developed and then applied to both a validation sample set from identical crop years and an independent test sample set from the 2014 crop year.Results indicated an acceptable bias(or differences between HVI^TM measured and NIR predicted micronaire)and an over 97%correctly predicted micronaire(within±0.30 micronaire unit)in an independent test set.Therefore,the development of a robust and effective NIR model for rapid laboratory micronaire assessment that would be applicable to remote/breeding locations is feasible.
文摘Being sessile,plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to balance between growth and defense to survive in the harsh environment.The transition from growth to defense is commonly achieved by factors,such as protein kinases(PKs)and transcription factors,that initiate signal transduction and regulate specialized metabolism.Plants produce an array of lineage-specific specialized metabolites for chemical defense and stress tolerance.Some of these molecules are also used by humans as drugs.However,many of these defense-responsive metabolites are toxic to plant cells and inhibitory to growth and development.Plants have,thus,evolved complex regulatory networks to balance the accumulation of the toxic metabolites.Perception of external stimuli is a vital part of the regulatory network.Protein kinase-mediated signaling activates a series of defense responses by phosphorylating the target pro-teins and translating the stimulus into downstream cellular signaling.As biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is triggered when plants perceive stimuli,a possible connection between PKs and spe-cial ized meta bolism is well recognized.However,the roles of PKs in plant specialized metabolism have not received much attention until recently.Here,we summarize the recent advances in understanding PKs in plant specialized metabolism.We aim to highlight how the stimulatory signals are transduced,leading to the biosynthesis of corresponding metabolites.We discuss the post-translational regulation of specialized metabolism and provide insights into the mechanisms by which plants respond to the external signals.In addition,we propose possible strategies to increase the production of plant spe-cial ized metabolites in biotechnological applications using PKs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870925)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission for Research and Development Project(JCYJ20190809183205622)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515010368)。
文摘Dear Editor,Influenza B viruses(IBVs)have circulated among humans for more than 80 years.Seasonal influenza virus epidemics caused by two IBV lines(Victoria and Yamagata)and influenza A virus have considerable effects on public health globally and result in approximately290,000–650,000 annual influenza-attributed deaths(Caini et al.,2015;Pan et al.,2015).Currently,the most effective countermeasures against influenza B virus infections are influenza virus vaccines(Subbarao and Matsuoka,2013).However,these vaccines have limited efficacy because only strain-matched humoral immune responses are induced.
