npr-9 encodes a homologue of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and is expressed in AIB interneurons. In this study, we investigated the role of NPR-9 in the neuronal control of innate immunity using the mo...npr-9 encodes a homologue of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and is expressed in AIB interneurons. In this study, we investigated the role of NPR-9 in the neuronal control of innate immunity using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans. After exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, npr-9(tm1652) mutants showed resistance to infection, decreased PA14 colonization and increased expression of immunity-related genes. Nematodes overexpressing NPR-9 exhibited increased susceptibility to infection, increased PA14 colonization and reduced expression of immunity-related genes. In nematodes, ChR2-mediated AIB interneuron activation strengthened the innate immune response and decreased PA14 colonization. Overexpression of NPR-9 suppressed the innate immune response and increased PA14 colonization in nematodes with the activation of AIB interneurons mediated by ChR2 or by expressing pkc-1(gf) in AIB interneurons. We, therefore, hypothesize that NPR-9 regulates the innate immune response by antagonizing the activity of AIB interneurons. Furthermore, expression of GRPR, the human homologue of NPR-9, could largely mimic NPR-9 function by regulating innate immunity in nematodes. Our results provide insight into the pivotal role of interneurons in controlling innate immunity and the complex biological functions of GRPRs.展开更多
A combined model of the transmission-line laser model （TLLM） and the digital filter approach is developed to simulate the shuttering characteristic of a semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA）, which is inte- grated...A combined model of the transmission-line laser model （TLLM） and the digital filter approach is developed to simulate the shuttering characteristic of a semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA）, which is inte- grated with a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector （SGDBR） laser, to create a so called SOA-SGDBR laser. The SOA section acts as a shutter to blank the laser output during wavelength switching events. Simulated results show that the turn-on edge of the SOA blanking process will oscillate when the facet reflection of SOA is relatively high. This phenomenon is also observed by experiments.展开更多
基金Several nematode strains used in this study were provided by the CGC,which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Program(P40 OD010440).
文摘npr-9 encodes a homologue of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and is expressed in AIB interneurons. In this study, we investigated the role of NPR-9 in the neuronal control of innate immunity using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans. After exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, npr-9(tm1652) mutants showed resistance to infection, decreased PA14 colonization and increased expression of immunity-related genes. Nematodes overexpressing NPR-9 exhibited increased susceptibility to infection, increased PA14 colonization and reduced expression of immunity-related genes. In nematodes, ChR2-mediated AIB interneuron activation strengthened the innate immune response and decreased PA14 colonization. Overexpression of NPR-9 suppressed the innate immune response and increased PA14 colonization in nematodes with the activation of AIB interneurons mediated by ChR2 or by expressing pkc-1(gf) in AIB interneurons. We, therefore, hypothesize that NPR-9 regulates the innate immune response by antagonizing the activity of AIB interneurons. Furthermore, expression of GRPR, the human homologue of NPR-9, could largely mimic NPR-9 function by regulating innate immunity in nematodes. Our results provide insight into the pivotal role of interneurons in controlling innate immunity and the complex biological functions of GRPRs.
文摘A combined model of the transmission-line laser model （TLLM） and the digital filter approach is developed to simulate the shuttering characteristic of a semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA）, which is inte- grated with a sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector （SGDBR） laser, to create a so called SOA-SGDBR laser. The SOA section acts as a shutter to blank the laser output during wavelength switching events. Simulated results show that the turn-on edge of the SOA blanking process will oscillate when the facet reflection of SOA is relatively high. This phenomenon is also observed by experiments.
