教育领域人工智能伦理研究进展:基于活动理论的分析框架

随着人工智能在教育领域应用的不断深化,教育伦理风险问题随之产生,引起了学术界的高度关注。采用活动理论分析框架,对2012—2022年间有关教育领域人工智能应用伦理风险的150篇文献进行系统性回顾,发现教育领域人工智能伦理研究经历了萌芽探索、成长发生、快速发展三个阶段;研究议题以安全隐私为主,但研究主体尚不明晰,对引起教育领域伦理问题的人工智能技术缺乏明确指向性;研究方法以定性为主,引发伦理问题的应用场景相对局限,且较少针对特定教育群体;研究对伦理困境关注较多,但风险管理视角欠缺;研究成果多为单一视角的理论与现状分析,缺少多理论视域的综合研究;伦理风险的跨领域交叉研究和多视域理论分析,对当下教育伦理及风险治理具有重要意义。基于主要结果及局限性,提出未来研究建议:需要重新审视人工智能与教育之间的交互作用,重塑人工智能教育应用中的伦理规约与评价指标;研究方法不局限于理论研究,应在人工智能技术实践教学中客观收集教学案例、资料等数据,科学性和创新性地提出教育领域人工智能伦理治理策略;深入探讨不同教育层级和教育领域的具体问题,进而针对性地制定相关政策和法规,加强监管与管理,并且提高相关人员的伦理意识和责任意识;不仅要关注教育人工智能应用表层所涉及的伦理问题,对于更深层次的风险发生机制问题也要多加关注;加大对教育人工智能应用伦理原则与政策的研究力度,系统性地思考人工智能的治理维度,通过制定伦理准则,加强政府及相关管理部门对教育人工智能的监管。

数字时代高等教育如何应对信息安全与伦理挑战——美国《2021地平线报告(信息安全版)》的解读与思考

疫情常态化与教育全球化加速了传统高等教育模式向远程工作和视频会议学习模式的转变,高等教育信息安全和伦理隐私保护面临着巨大压力。2021年美国高等教育信息化协会首次发布信息安全版本的《地平线报告》,为高等教育机构应对信息安全与伦理问题提供趋势与对策。从技术与实践层面来看,六项关键技术对高等教育信息安全产生重大影响,即云供应商管理、端点检测和响应、多因素身份验证及单点登录、保留数据真实性及完整性、研究安全、学生数据隐私和治理;未来影响高等教育信息安全的重要趋势表现在社会、技术、经济、环境、政治五个方面,尤其要关注超级趋势——远程工作;由此高等教育机构信息安全发展面临四种可能的未来场景,分别是增长型、约束型、崩溃型和转换型;需要从各国共建网络信息安全、加强信息安全及伦理法制建设、完善监管及安全制度体系、提升师生数字智商、促进高等教育可持续发展五个层面加强对策研究,为我国高等教育应对信息安全挑战提供借鉴。

Automatic analytical approach for the determination of 12 illicit drugs and nicotine metabolites in wastewater using on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS

In this study,we developed a novel on-line solid phase extraction(SPE)-ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS)-based analytical method for simultaneously quantifying 12 illicit drugs and metabolites(methamphetamine,amphetamine,morphine,codeine,6-monoacetylmorphine,benzoylecgonine,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine,cocaine,ketamine,norketamine,and methcathinone)and cotinine(COT)in wastewater samples.The analysis was performed by loading 2 m L of the sample onto an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridge and using a cleanup step(5%methanol)to eliminate interference with a total run time of 13 min.The isotope-labeled internal standard method was used to quantify the target substances and correct for unavoidable losses and matrix effects during the on-line SPE process.Typical analytical characteristics used for method validation were sensitivity,linearity,precision,repeatability,recovery,and matrix effects.The limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)of each target were set at 0.20 ng/L and 0.50 ng/L,respectively.The linearity was between 0.5 ng/L and250 ng/L,except for that of COT.The intra-and inter-day precisions were<10.45%and 25.64%,respectively,and the relative recovery ranged from 83.74%to 162.26%.The method was used to analyze various wastewater samples from 33 cities in China,and the results were compared with the experimental results of identical samples analyzed using off-line SPE.The difference rate was between 19.91%and-20.44%,and the error range could be considered acceptable.These findings showed that on-line SPE is a suitable alternative to off-line SPE for the analysis of illicit drugs in samples.

Effect of Straw Mulching on Vineyard Ecology and Fruit Quality of Southern Jiangsu Province

[Objectives] The ecological environment of orchard has a direct impact on fruit quality,and straw mulching can effectively improve the physicochemical indicators of orchard soil,so as to achieve environmental protection and yield increase.[Methods]Tests were carried out for 3 consecutive years of mulching straw in vineyard of southern Jiangsu Province.[Results]The results showed that mulching straw continuously could effectively improve soil physicochemical properties,weed controlling effect,and the photosynthetic rate of leaves,as well as the yield and quality of grapes.The contents of total nitrogen,available phosphorus,quickacting potassium and organic matter increased up to 91.67%,259.76%,442.39% and 34.30%,respectively.Soil bulk density decreased by 7.15%,and the weed plant control effect reached 87.45%.The increased of fresh weight was up to 93.55%,and the increase of the leaf parenthetical rate was up to 18.24%.The increases of soluble solids content and single grain weight reached up to 8.82% and 12.75%.The rate of dehiscent fruit was decreased by 50.89%.The grape could pick for sale 3 days ahead,and the increase of unit area yield reached up to 13.16%.[Conclusions]Straw mulching cultivation in vineyard is a good model for efficient recycling of crop straw and safe production of quality grape,and it provides a new technical approach for straw utilization,promising with good economic and ecological benefits.

Targeting cAMP in D1-MSNs in the nucleus accumbens, a new rapid antidepressant strategy

Studies have suggested that the nucleus accumbens(NAc)is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression;however,the regulatory strategy that targets the NAc to achieve an exclusive and outstanding anti-depression benefit has not been elucidated.Here,we identified a specific reduction of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)in the subset of dopamine D1 receptor medium spiny neurons(D1-MSNs)in the NAc that promoted stress susceptibility,while the stimulation of cAMP production in NAc D1-MSNs efficiently rescued depression-like behaviors.Ketamine treatment enhanced cAMP both in D1-MSNs and dopamine D2 receptor medium spiny neurons(D2-MSNs)of depressed mice,however,the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine solely depended on elevating cAMP in NAc D1-MSNs.We discovered that a higher dose of crocin markedly increased cAMP in the NAc and consistently relieved depression 24 h after oral administration,but not a lower dose.The fast onset property of crocin was verified through multicenter studies.Moreover,crocin specifically targeted at D1-MSN cAMP signaling in the NAc to relieve depression and had no effect on D2-MSN.These findings characterize a new strategy to achieve an exclusive and outstanding anti-depression benefit by elevating cAMP in D1-MSNs in the NAc,and provide a potential rapid antidepressant drug candidate,crocin.

Development of lutetium oxide continuous fibers with excellent mechanical properties

The difficulty of reducing the diameter of lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))continuous fibers below 50μm not only limits the flexibility of the sample but also seriously affects their application and development in high-energy lasers.In this work,a Lu-containing precursor with high ceramic yield was used as raw material,fiberized into precursor fibers by dry spinning.The pressure-assisted water vapor pretreatment(PAWVT)method was creatively proposed,and the effect of pretreatment temperature on the ceramization behavior of the precursor fibers was studied.By regulating the decomposition behavior of organic components in the precursor,the problem of fiber pulverization during heat treatment was effectively solved,and the Lu_(2)O_(3) continuous fibers with a diameter of 40μm were obtained.Compared with the current reported results,the diameter was reduced by about 50%,successfully breaking through the diameter limitation of Lu_(2)O_(3) continuous fibers.In addition,the tensile strength,elastic modulus,flexibility,and temperature resistance of Lu_(2)O_(3) continuous fibers were researched for the first time.The tensile strength and elastic modulus of Lu_(2)O_(3) continuous fibers were 373.23 MPa and 31.55 GPa,respectively.The as-obtained flexible Lu_(2)O_(3) continuous fibers with a limit radius of curvature of 3.5-4.5 mm had a temperature resistance of not lower than 1300℃,which established a solid foundation for the expansion of their application form in the field of high-energy lasers.