Species diversity, updated classification and divergence times of the phylum Mucoromycota

Zygomycetes are phylogenetically early diverging,ecologically diverse,industrially valuable,agriculturally beneficial,and clinically pathogenic fungi.Although new phyla and subphyla have been constantly established to accommodate spe-cific members and a subkingdom Mucoromyceta,comprising Calcarisporiellomycota,Glomeromycota,Mortierellomycota and Mucoromycota,was erected to unite core zygomycetous fungi,phylogenetic relationships within phyla have not been well resolved.Taking account of the information of monophyly and divergence time estimated from ITS and LSU rDNA sequences,the present study updates the classification framework of the phylum Mucoromycota from the class down to the generic rank:three classes,three orders,20 families(including five new families Circinellaceae,Protomycocladaceae,Rhizomucoraceae,Syzygitaceae and Thermomucoraceae)and 64 genera.The taxonomic hierarchy was calibrated with estimated divergence times:phylum earlier than 617 Mya,classes and orders earlier than 547 Mya,families earlier than 199 Mya,and genera earlier than 12 Mya.Along with this outline,all genera of Mucoromycota are annotated and 58 new species are described.In addition,three new combinations are proposed.In this study,we update the taxonomic backbone of the phylum Mucoromycota and reinforce its phylogeny.We also contribute numerous new taxa and enrich the diversity of Mucoromycota.

Resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi:edible,medicinal and poisonous species

The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi.Of these macrofungi,many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years.In this study,we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi.A total of 1662 taxa are summarized,and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases.Among the 1662 taxa,1020,692,and 480 are considered to be edible,medicinal and poisonous mushrooms,respectively.A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production.All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species.The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer,followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial.A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity.These species could be treated as“Gold Mushrooms”.Contrarily,193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms.To avoid poisoning caused by these species,ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important.However,the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored.How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.

Species clarification of the prize medicinal Ganoderma mushroom“Lingzhi”

“Lingzhi”is a mushroom that has been renowned in China for more than 2,000 years because of its claimed medicinal properties plus its symbolic fortune.“Lingzhi”has high economic value mostly as a dietary supplement in the modern market especially in East Asia,and its medicinal functions have become a hot study topic.For over a century,the highly prized medicinal fungus,known as“Lingzhi”in East Asia,has been assigned to Ganoderma lucidum,a species originally described from Europe.Molecular studies in recent years have revealed that the commercially cultivated‘G.lucidum’(“Lingzhi”)in East Asia is a different species from the true G.lucidum.The present study aims to clarify the species identity of“Lingzhi”based on morphological studies and analysis of rDNA nuc-ITS sequences,and additional gene fragments of mt-SSU,RPB1,RPB2,and TEF1-αof“Lingzhi”were provided.All Ganoderma species that mostly resemble“Lingzhi”in phylogeny and/or morphology were included for analysis.We propose a new species G.lingzhi for“Lingzhi”,which has an East Asia distribution.The most striking characteristics which differentiate G.lingzhi from G.lucidum are the presence of melanoid bands in the context,a yellow pore surface and thick dissepiments(80–120μm)at maturity.G.curtisii is most closely related to G.lingzhi in phylogeny and is from North America.Ganoderma flexipes,G.multipileum,G.sichuanense,G.tropicum and‘G.tsugae’,are also closely related with G.lingzhi and are reported from China.These species are compared and discussed.‘Ganoderma tsuage’reported from China is determined as conspecific with G.lucidum,hence the distribution of G.lucidum extends from Europe to northeastern China.

Global diversity and systematics of Hymenochaetaceae with poroid hymenophore

Taxonomy and phylogeny of poroid Hymenochaetaceae based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses are pre-sented.A phylogeny based on a combined dataset of ITS and nLSU sequences for accepted genera of Hymenochaetaceae was analyzed and two or multigene phylogenies for most species of ten large genera including Coltricia,Fomitiporella,Fomiti-poria,Fulvifomes,Fuscoporia,Inonotus,Phylloporia,Porodaedalea,Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus,were carried out.Based on samples from 37 countries of five continents,seven new genera,Meganotus,Neophellinus,Nothonotus,Pachynotus,Perenninotus,Pseudophylloporia and Rigidonotus,are introduced,37 new species,Coltricia tibetica,Fomitiporella crassa,F.queenslandica,Fomitiporia eucalypti,F.gatesii,F.ovoidospora,Fulvifomes azonatus,F.caligoporus,F.costaricense,F.floridanus,F.jouzaii,F.nakasoneae,F.subindicus,Fuscoporia sinuosa,F.submurina,Inonotus subradiatus,I.vietnamensis,Neomensularia castanopsidis,Pachynotus punctatus,Phellinus cuspidatus,P.subellipsoideus,Phylloporia minutissima,P.tabernaemontanae,Porodaedalea occidentiamericana,P.orientoamericana,P.qilianensis,P.schrenkianae,Pseudo-phylloporia australiana,Sanghuangporus australianus,S.lagerstroemiae,Tropicoporus angustisulcatus,T.hainanicus,T.lineatus,T.minus,T.ravidus,T.substratificans and T.tenuis,are described,and 108 new combinations are proposed.In addition,one illegitimate name and two invalid names are renamed,and Coltricia and Coltriciella were synonymized.The taxonomic relevance and limits of the new taxa are discussed.Photos and illustrations for 37 new species are presented,and a full description for each new species is given.Eventually,this study recognizes 672 species in 34 genera and provides a modern treatment of the poroid Hymenochaetaceae in the world.A key to the accepted poroid genera of Hymenochaetaceae is provided,and identification keys to the accepted species of 32 poroid genera worldwide are given.A synopsis description of each species is included in these keys.

Species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae(Basidiomycota)in China

Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota.Investigations on the species diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out.So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China.Two new genera:Amylosporia gen.nov.and Murinicarpus gen.nov.,twelve new species:Coriolopsis dendriformis sp.nov.,C.hainanensis sp.nov.,Funalia cystidiata sp.nov.,Haploporus microsporus sp.nov.,Perenniporia citrinoalba sp.nov.,P.yinggelingensis sp.nov.,Picipes hainanensis sp.nov.,P.jiajinensis sp.nov.,P.pseudovarius sp.nov.,Trametes duplexa sp.nov.,T.ellipsoidea sp.nov.and T.stiptica sp.nov.,and six new combinations,Amylosporia hattorii comb.nov.,Hornodermoporus latissimus comb.nov.,Murinicarpus subadustus comb.nov.,Picipes pumilus comb.nov.,Vanderbylia delavayi comb.nov.and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb.nov.,are proposed.All the species are described based on the Chinese collections.Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided.This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy.The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(TEF1),theβ-tubulin gene(TBB1),the RNA polymerase II largest subunit(RPB1)and second largest subunit(RPB2)genes.In addition,full morphological descriptions,illustrations,color photographs,taxonomic notes,ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.

Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex(Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota):Sanghuangporus gen.nov.,Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis gen.et spp.nov.,and 17 new combinations

Although Inonotus linteus complex is placed in the genusInonotus,its perennial basidiocarps with a dimitic hyphal system,at least in the trama,distinguish the complex from other species in the genus,which have an annual habit and a monomitic hyphal system.The species number of Inonotus linteus complex has been increased in China and tropical America in recent publications.However,whether species in this complex belong to Inonotus has not specifically been addressed.To explore the phylogenetic placement of species of Inonotus linteus complex,we performed a comprehensive study using morphological and phylogenetic data based on global samples.nLSU(53 with 13 new)and ITS(70 with 18 new)datasets were used to produce the phylogenetic results.Taking into consideration the phylogenies inferred from the nLSU and ITS datasets,Inonotus is a polyphyletic genus comprising at least three clades.Clade A,the core Inonotus clade,contains the generic type,Inonotus hispidus,while Clades B and C comprise species from the Inonotus linteus complex.Morphological and phylogenetic evidence indicates that Clades B and C are new genera,and Sanghuangporus and Tropicoporus are introduced in this study.Ten species are transferred to Sanghuangporus and seven to Tropicoporus.Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T.guanacastensis spp.nov.are described,and their distinctive characters are discussed.Keys to the two new genera and the Inonotus sensu stricto,and to species of each new genus are provided.

A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective

In this paper,we provide a phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and related phyla in relation to ten years of DNA based phylogenetic studies since the AFTOL publications in 2007.We selected 529 species to address phylogenetic relationships of higher-level taxa using a maximumlikelihood framework and sequence data from six genes traditionally used in fungal molecular systematics(nrLSU,nrSSU,5.8S,tef1-a,rpb1 and rpb2).These species represent 18 classes,62 orders,183 families,and 392 genera from the phyla Basidiomycota(including the newly recognized subphylum Wallemiomycotina)and Entorrhizomycota,and 13 species representing 13 classes of Ascomycota as outgroup taxa.We also conducted a molecular dating analysis based on these six genes for 116 species representing 17 classes and 54 orders of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota.Finally we performed a phyloproteomics analysis from 109 Basidiomycota species and 6 outgroup taxa using amino-acid sequences retrieved from 396 orthologous genes.Recognition of higher taxa follows the criteria in Zhao et al(Fungal Divers 78:239–292,2016):(i)taxa must be monophyletic and statistically well-supported in molecular dating analyses,(ii)their respective stem ages should be roughly equivalent,and(iii)stem ages of higher taxa must be older than those of lower level taxa.The time-tree indicates that the mean of stem ages of Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota are ca.530 Ma;subphyla of Basidiomycota are 406–490 Ma;most classes are 358–393 Ma for those of Agaricomycotina and 245–356 Ma for those of Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina;most orders of those subphyla split 120–290 Ma.Monophyly of most higherlevel taxa of Basidiomycota are generally supported,especially those taxa introduced in the recent ten years:phylum Entorrhizomycota,classes Malasseziomycetes,Moniliellomycetes,Spiculogloeomycetes,Tritirachiomycetes and orders Amylocorticiales,Golubeviales,Holtermanniales,Jaapiales,Lepidostromatales,Robbauerales,Stereopsidales and Trichosporonales.However,the younger divergence times of Leucosporidiales(Microbotryomycetes)indicate that its order status is not supported,thus we propose combining it under Microbotryales.On the other hand,the families Buckleyzymaceae and Sakaguchiaceae(Cystobasidiomycetes)are raised to Buckleyzymales and Sakaguchiales due to their older divergence times.Cystofilobasidiales(Tremellomycetes)has an older divergence time and should be amended to a higher rank.We however,do not introduce it as new class here for Cystofilobasidiales,as DNA sequences from these taxa are not from their respective types and thus await further studies.Divergence times for Exobasidiomycetes,Cantharellales,Gomphales and Hysterangiales were obtained based on limited species sequences in molecular dating study.More comprehensive phylogenetic studies on those four taxa are needed in the future because our ML analysis based on wider sampling,shows they are not monophyletic groups.In general,the six-gene phylogenies are in agreement with the phyloproteomics tree except for the placements of Wallemiomycotina,orders Amylocorticiales,Auriculariales,Cantharellales,Geastrales,Sebacinales and Trechisporales from Agaricomycetes.These conflicting placements in the six-gene phylogeny vs the phyloproteomics tree are discussed.This leads to future perspectives for assessing gene orthology and problems in deciphering taxon ranks using divergence times.

Fungal diversity notes 1036-1150:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the tenth series of the Fungal Diversity Notes,where 114 taxa distributed in three phyla,ten classes,30 orders and 53 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include one new family(viz.Pseudoberkleasmiaceae in Dothideomycetes),five new genera(Caatingomyces,Cryptoschizotrema,Neoacladium,Paramassaria and Trochilispora)and 71 new species,(viz.Acrogenospora thailandica,Amniculicola aquatica,A.guttulata,Angustimassarina sylvatica,Blackwellomyces lateris,Boubovia gelatinosa,Buellia viridula,Caatingomyces brasiliensis,Calophoma humuli,Camarosporidiella mori,Canalisporium dehongense,Cantharellus brunneopallidus,C.griseotinctus,Castanediella meliponae,Coprinopsis psammophila,Cordyceps succavus,Cortinarius minusculus,C.subscotoides,Diaporthe italiana,D.rumicicola,Diatrypella delonicis,Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis,D.taiwanense,Digitodesmium chiangmaiense,Distoseptispora dehongensis,D.palmarum,Dothiorella styphnolobii,Ellisembia aurea,Falciformispora aquatic,Fomitiporia carpinea,F.lagerstroemiae,Grammothele aurantiaca,G.micropora,Hermatomyces bauhiniae,Jahnula queenslandica,Kamalomyces mangrovei,Lecidella yunnanensis,Micarea squamulosa,Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae,Neoacladium indicum,Neodidymelliopsis sambuci,Neosetophoma miscanthi,N.salicis,Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae,N.thalictri,Paramassaria samaneae,Penicillium circulare,P.geumsanense,P.mali-pumilae,P.psychrotrophicum,P.wandoense,Phaeoisaria siamensis,Phaeopoacea asparagicola,Phaeosphaeria penniseti,Plectocarpon galapagoense,Porina sorediata,Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense,Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis,Rhizophydium koreanum,Russula prasina,Sporoschisma chiangraiense,Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae,S.cocksii,S.papei,S.tschirnhausii,S.vikhrevii,Thysanorea uniseptata,Torula breviconidiophora,T.polyseptata,Trochilispora schefflerae and Vaginatispora palmae).Further,twelve new combinations(viz.Cryptoschizotrema cryptotrema,Prolixandromyces australi,P.elongatus,P.falcatus,P.longispinae,P.microveliae,P.neoalardi,P.polhemorum,P.protuberans,P.pseudoveliae,P.tenuistipitis and P.umbonatus),an epitype is chosen for Cantharellus goossensiae,a reference specimen for Acrogenospora sphaerocephala and new synonym Prolixandromyces are designated.Twenty-four new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions are also reported(i.e.Acrostalagmus annulatus,Cantharellus goossensiae,Coprinopsis villosa,Dothiorella plurivora,Dothiorella rhamni,Dothiorella symphoricarposicola,Dictyocheirospora rotunda,Fasciatispora arengae,Grammothele brasiliensis,Lasiodiplodia iraniensis,Lembosia xyliae,Morenoina palmicola,Murispora cicognanii,Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii,Neolinocarpon rachidis,Nothophoma quercina,Peroneutypa scoparia,Pestalotiopsis aggestorum,Pilidium concavum,Plagiostoma salicellum,Protofenestella ulmi,Sarocladium kiliense,Tetraploa nagasakiensis and Vaginatispora armatispora).

Fungal diversity notes 367-490:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined,described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification.In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections,DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets(rDNA,TEF-a,RBP2 and b-Tubulin)to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks.Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed,we apply an integrative approach(morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable).Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper,including eight new genera,101 new species,two new combinations,one neotype,four reference specimens,new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs.The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia,Arundellina,Camarosporioides,Neomassaria,Neomassarina,Neotruncatella,Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria.The new species are Alfaria spartii,Alloarthopyrenia italica,Anthostomella ravenna,An.thailandica,Arthrinium paraphaeospermum,Arundellina typhae,Aspergillus koreanus,Asterina cynometrae,Bertiella ellipsoidea,Blastophorum aquaticum,Cainia globosa,Camarosporioides phragmitis,Ceramothyrium menglunense,Chaetosphaeronema achilleae,Chlamydotubeufia helicospora,Ciliochorella phanericola,Clavulinopsis aurantiaca,Colletotrichum insertae,Comoclathris italica,Coronophora myricoides,Cortinarius fulvescentoideus,Co.nymphatus,Co.pseudobulliardioides,Co.tenuifulvescens,Cunninghamella gigacellularis,Cyathus pyristriatus,Cytospora cotini,Dematiopleospora alliariae,De.cirsii,Diaporthe aseana,Di.garethjonesii,Distoseptispora multiseptata,Dis.tectonae,Dis.tectonigena,Dothiora buxi,Emericellopsis persica,Gloniopsis calami,Helicoma guttulatum,Helvella floriforma,H.oblongispora,Hermatomyces subiculosa,Juncaceicola italica,Lactarius dirkii,Lentithecium unicellulare,Le.voraginesporum,Leptosphaeria cirsii,Leptosphaeria irregularis,Leptospora galii,Le.thailandica,Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis,Lophiotrema bambusae,Lo.fallopiae,Meliola citri-maximae,Minimelanolocus submersus,Montagnula cirsii,Mortierella fluviae,Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae,Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi,Neomassaria fabacearum,Neomassarina thailandica,Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi,Neo.cytisinus,Neo.minima,Neopestalotiopsis cocoe¨s,Neopestalotiopsis musae,Neoroussoella lenispora,Neotorula submersa,Neotruncatella endophytica,Nodulosphaeria italica,Occultibambusa aquatica,Oc.chiangraiensis,Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica,Op.lacrimoidis,Paracapsulospora metroxyli,Pestalotiopsis sequoiae,Peziza fruticosa,Pleurotrema thailandica,Poaceicola arundinis,Polyporus mangshanensis,Pseudocoleophoma typhicola,Pseudodictyosporium thailandica,Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi,Purpureocillium sodanum,Ramariopsis atlantica,Rhodocybe griseoaurantia,Rh.indica,Rh.luteobrunnea,Russula indoalba,Ru.pseudoamoenicolor,Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum,Sp.olivaceoconidium,Sp.pyriformatum,Stagonospora forlicesenensis,Stagonosporopsis centaureae,Terriera thailandica,Tremateia arundicola,Tr.guiyangensis,Trichomerium bambusae,Tubeufia hyalospora,Tu.roseohelicospora and Wojnowicia italica.New combinations are given for Hermatomyces mirum and Pallidocercospora thailandica.A neotype is proposed for Cortinarius fulvescens.Reference specimens are given for Aquaphila albicans,Leptospora rubella,Platychora ulmi and Meliola pseudosasae,while new host or distribution records are provided for Diaporthe eres,Di.siamensis,Di.foeniculina,Dothiorella iranica,Do.sarmentorum,Do.vidmadera,Helvella tinta and Vaginatispora fuckelii,with full taxonomic details.An asexual state is also reported for the first time in Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum.This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.

Fungal diversity notes 1277-1386:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa

This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy,based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology,anatomy,and strain culture,combined with DNA sequence analyses.110 taxa are described and illustrated,including five new genera,92 new species,eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions(one new sequenced species,one new host and three new records)which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes.The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces,Catenuliconidia,Hansenopezia,Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces.The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus,Amylocorticium ellipsosporum,Arthrinium sorghi,Catenuliconidia uniseptata,Clavulina sphaeropedunculata,Colletotrichum parthenocissicola,Coniothyrium triseptatum,Cortinarius indorusseus,C.paurigarhwalensis,C.sinensis,C.subsanguineus,C.xiaojinensis,Diaporthe pimpinel-lae,Dictyosporella guizhouensis,Diplodia torilicola,Fuscoporia marquesiana,F.semiarida,Hansenopezia decora,Helicoarcta-tus thailandicus,Hirsutella hongheensis,Humidicutis brunneovinacea,Lentaria gossypina,L.variabilis,Lycoperdon lahorense,L.pseudocurtisii,Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus,Moelleriella gracilispora,Neodevriesia manglicola,Neodidymelliopsis salvia,N.urticae,Neoroussoella magnoliae,Neottiella gigaspora,Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis,Phaeotremella yunnanensis,Podosphaera yulii,Rigidoporus juniperinus,Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei,Russula benghalensis,Scleroramularia vermispora,Scytinopogon minisporus,Sporormurispora paulsenii,Thaxteriellopsis obliqus,Tomentella asiae-orientalis,T.atrobadia,T.atrocastanea,T.aureomarginata,T.brevis,T.brunneoflava,T.brunneogrisea,T.capitatocystidiata,T.changbaiensis,T.citri-nocystidiata,T.coffeae,T.conclusa,T.cystidiata,T.dimidiata,T.duplexa,T.efibulata,T.efibulis,T.farinosa,T.flavidobadia,T.fuscocrustosa,T.fuscofarinosa,T.fuscogranulosa,T.fuscopelliculosa,T.globospora,T.gloeocystidiata,T.griseocastanea,T.griseofusca,T.griseomarginata,T.inconspicua,T.incrustata,T.interrupta,T.liaoningensis,T.longiaculeifera,T.longiechinuli,T.megaspora,T.olivacea,T.olivaceobrunnea,T.pallidobrunnea,T.pallidomarginata,T.parvispora,T.pertenuis,T.qingyuanensis,T.segregata,T.separata,T.stipitata,T.storea,Trichoderma ceratophylletum,Tyromyces minutulus,Umbelopsis heterosporus and Xylolentia reniformis.The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena,Chloridium macrocladum,Hansenopezia retrocurvata,Rhodofomitopsis monomitica,Rh.oleracea,Fuscoporia licnoides,F.scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii.A new sequenced species(Graphis supracola),one new host(Aplosporella prunicola)and three new geographical records(Golovinomyces monardae,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum),are reported.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex

The Inonotus linteus complex comprises several closely related species characterized by pileate basidiomes,a heterogeneous hyphal system with a monomitic context and a dimitic hymenophoral trama.Setae are hymenial and basidiospores are broadly ellipsoid to subglobose,yellowish and thick-walled.Research to understand this complex have been particularly noticeable in East Asia.In the present paper,the complex was studied at a larger scale,including samples from Mesoamerica.Inonotus linteus,an epitype of this species being designated here,is circumscribed as a narrow sense based on morphological and phylogenetic data,and this has lead to delimiting a new species from Mesoamerica,viz.I.cubensis,and provides evidence for two additional species,I.alpinus and I.zonatus,from East Asia.Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences also confirmed the status of I.baumii,I.linteus,I.lonicericola,I.lonicerinus,I.vaninii,I.sanghuang,I.weigelae and I.weirianus as distinct taxa,while I.tenuicontextus is considered to be a synonym of I.weigelae.A key to 11 species in the complex is provided.

The Faces of Fungi database:fungal names linked with morphology,phylogeny and human impacts

Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms.Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases(notably Index Fungorum,Species Fungorum and MycoBank)can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi,while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI,EBI and UNITE databases.Although the sequence data may be linked to a name,the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images,descriptions or herbarium material.There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases,other than whether the submission is from a reputable source.To tackle this problem,a new database(FacesofFungi),accessible at www.facesoffungi.org(FoF)has been established.This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data,phenotypic details and other useful data,which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system.In addition,the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens.This database is user-friendly,providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks,with the classification system based primarily on molecular data(from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees),and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable.In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives,but also relevant data is provided,wherever available,on various applied aspects,such as ecological,industrial,quarantine and chemical uses.The data include the three main fungal groups(Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Basal fungi)and fungus-like organisms.The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise.The webpage has 76 curators,and with the help of these specialists,FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi,with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data.The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups.The structure and use of the database is then explained.We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the brown-rot fungi:Fomitopsis and its related genera

Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the brown-rot fungi,Fomitopsis and its related genera,are carried out.On the basis of morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence of DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)regions,the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nLSU),the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene(nSSU),the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences(mtSSU),the translation elongation factor 1-αgene(tef1)and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(rpb2),six new genera,Fragifomes,Niveoporofomes,Piptoporellus,Rhodofomitopsis,Rubellofomes and Ungulidaedalea are established.Four new species,Buglossoporus eucalypticola,Daedalea allantoidea,Piptoporellus hainanensis and P.triqueter are descibed from China.Illustrated descriptions of the novel species are provided.Identification keys to Fomitopsis and its related genera,as well as keys to the species of each genus are provided.

Phylogeny,divergence time estimation,and biogeography of the genus Heterobasidion(Basidiomycota,Russulales)

There have been several investigations into the genus Heterobasidion,however,differentiation of species in these studies have depended on the gene regions analyzed.Reliable defining of species,establishing species divergence times and establishing species biogeographical distributions have been challenging.Here,we used a multilocus phylogenetic approach and maximum parsimony,maximum likehood,and Bayesian analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Heterobasidion species.In addition,we focused on a fungus fossil-based approach and used the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II-the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB1-RPB2)dataset to perform maximum likelihoodbased estimation and Bayesian binary analyses,to assess the divergence and biogeographical distributions of Heterobasidion species.The Heterobasidion annousum/H.insulare species complex clusters in three groups in the phylogenetic analyses.Molecular dating suggests that ancestral Heterobasidion species originated in Eurasia during the Early Miocene,followed by dispersal and speciation to other continents during the Middle Miocene and Early Pliocene.Our data are compatible with the previous viewpoint that H.irregulare and H.occidentale colonized North America via different routes,which has been interpreted as Beringian and Thulean North Atlantic vicariance.In addition,we propose that the occurrence of H.araucariae in the southern Hemisphere was probably due to recent human-mediated introductions.Plate tectonics and long-distance dispersal are the most likely factors that influenced Heterobasidion speciation and biogeography.

New species and phylogeny of Perenniporia based on morphological and molecular characters

Three new resupinate,poroid,wood-inhabiting fungi,Perenniporia aridula,P.bannaensis and P.substraminea,are introduced on the basis of morphological and molecular characters.Molecular study based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS and LSU regions supported the three new species’positions in Perenniporia s.s.,and all of them formed monophyletic lineages with strong support(100%BP,1.00 BPP).Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades for the 31 species of Perenniporia s.l.used in this study.Among them,Perenniporiella clustered with Perenniporia ochroleuca group,and then subsequently grouped with Abundisporus.In addition,the P.ochroleuca group,the P.vicina group,the P.martia group and P.subacida formed well supported monophyletic entities,which could be recognized as distinct genera,and they are not related to P.medulla-panis which belongs to Perenniporia s.s.clade.An identification key to 38 species of Perenniporia occurring in China is provided.

Fungal diversity notes 1387-1511:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Hymenochaete and allied genera of Hymenochaetaceae (Basidiomycota) in China

The taxonomy and phylogeny of Hymenochaete and its allied genera in Hymenochaetaceae in China are studied based on morphological characters and molecular analysis.The morphology of more than 1200 specimens were studied and 123 ITS sequences(including 104 new sequences)of 71 taxa and 94 nLSU rDNA sequences(including 51 new sequences)of 78 taxa of Hymenochaetaceae were used in the phylogenetic analysis.Three new species,Hymenochaete huangshanensis,H.minor and H.tropica are introduced.The genus Pseudochaete is supported by the data presented here,with inclusion of an additional seven species transferred herein from Hymenochaete,Hydnochaete and Cyclomyces.Three species of Hydnochaete and two species of Cyclomyces studied nested within the Hymenochaete clade,and combinations of five species from the two former genera to Hymenochaete are proposed.According to our results,Hymenochaete is a morphologically variable genus composed of taxa with corticioid,hydnoid,lamellate and poroid hymenophores,and this would be the same for Pseudochaete with more taxa included.Fifty species of Hymenochaete and eight species of Pseudochaete have so far been found in China,and identification keys to the two genera are provided.

Phylogeny and global diversity of Polyporus group Melanopus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)

Polyporus accommodates species with stipitate basidiocarps,a dimitic hyphal system with skeleto-binding hyphae,and hyaline,thin-walled,more or less cylindrical basidiospores.The species of Polyporus are divided into six morphological groups,of which Melanopus is characterized by coriaceous basidiocarps,thin context and a black cuticle on the stipe.In this study,we explore the phylogeny and species diversity of Polyporus sensu lato focusing on the group Melanopus based on global samples.Our combined ITS and nLSU dataset included 117 collections represented by 117 ITS and 94 nLSU sequences,of which 43 ITS and 37 nLSU sequences were newly generated.The resulting phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades,Favolus,Neofavolus,Melanopus and Polyporellus clades,while several species in the morphological groups Melanopus and Polyporus were outside these clades.Combined with morphological evidence,three new species in the Melanopus clade,Polyporus americanus,P.austroandinus and P.conifericola,are newly described and illustrated,and their distinctive characters are discussed.The illegitimate name Polyporus fraxineus is renamed as Polyporus fraxinicola.The phylogeny and taxonomy of each species in group Melanopus(morphology)or Melanopus clade(phylogeny)and related species are briefly discussed.

Fragiliporiaceae,a new family of Polyporales(Basidiomycota)

Fragiliporiaceae fam.nov.,a new poroid wood-inhabiting family,is introduced based on the combination of molecular and morphological data,and is typified by Fragiliporia gen.nov.The phylogenetic analysis shows that Fragiliporia fragilis sp.nov.forms a monophyletic group within Polyporales and warrants the introduction of a new fragiliporia clade based on molecular data of ITS+nLSU rRNA gene regions.Combined ITS,nLSU,mtSSU,TEF1 and RPB2 sequence data also demonstrated that the new family Fragiliporiaceae also formed a monophyletic lineage(70%BS,57%BP,0.99 BPP),and grouped with the phlebioid clade,residual polyporoid clade and core polyporoid clade.Fragiliporiaceae has unique macromorphological characters in having resupinate basidiocarps with very soft tubes when fresh,which become brittle when dry(becoming almost powdery when bruised);a monomitic hyphal system with thick-walled generative hyphae,clamp connections,and frequently H-,W-or Y-shaped hyphae branching from the clamp connections.