Carrier Recombination of Organic-Inorganic 3D Halide Perovskite Single Crystals

Organic-inorganic 3D halide perovskite materials recently have become one of the major players of hybrid semiconductors for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.The diffusion length of charge carriers is one of the critical parameters for justifying photovoltaic applications of materials.In this work,we propose a realistic kinetic model in order to fully understand carrier relaxation rate of photoexcited organic perovskites with a negligible exciton formation in photoluminescence lifetime measurements.We find that the extraction of carrier relaxation rate has to be made from multiple fluence-dependent photoluminescence lifetime measurements with global fittings,instead of a traditional single fluence lifetime measurement.To demonstrate the validity of the model,two kinds of p-doped CH3NH3PbI3 single crystals were grown up by intentionally increasing defects.Global fittings of the kinetic model to the two kinds of single crystals yield doping density,trap density,and recombination constants.Our methodology provides a self-contained approach to determine diffusion lengths of organic 3D halide perovskite materials.

Effects of moisture content and dry bulk density on the thermal conductivity of compacted backfill soil

Soil backfilling and compaction are often involved in urban construction projects like the burying of power cables.The thermal conductance of backfill soil is therefore of great interest.To investigate the thermal conductivity variation of compacted backfill soil,10 typical soils sampled in Zhejiang Province of China with moisture contents of 0%–25%were fully compacted according to the Proctor compaction test method and then subjected to thermal conductivity measurement using the thermal probe method at 20℃.The particle size distribution and the chemical composition of the soil samples were characterized to analyze their effects on thermal conductivity.The results showed that the maximum thermal conductivity of fully compacted soils generally exceeds 1.9 W/(m·K)and is 20%–50%higher than that of uncompacted soils.With increasing moisture content,soil thermal conductivity and dry bulk density first increase and then remain unchanged or decrease slowly;the critical moisture content is greater than 20%in most cases.Overall,the critical moisture content of soils with large particle size is lower than that of those with small particle size.Quartz has the highest thermal conductivity in the soil solid phase,and the mass percentage of quartz for most soils in this study is more than 50%,while that for yellow soil is less than 30%,which leads to the thermal conductivity of the former being nearly twice as great as that of the latter in most circumstances.Based on regression analysis,with moisture content and dry bulk density as the independent parameters,the prediction formulae for the thermal conductivity of two categories of compacted backfill soils are proposed for practical applications.

Management of bronchial rupture after blunt chest trauma in children

To the Editor:Bronchial rupture due to blunt chest injury in children is very rare and can go undiagnosed for over 48 h.Despite surgical repair following definitive diagnosis by three-dimensional computed tomography(3D-CT)and bronchoscopy,complications from anastomotic stricture can arise,particularly in very young patients.This study aimed to present an algorithm for improved early diagnosis and report learnings from treatment of bronchial rupture after blunt chest trauma in nine children.