The disease resistance potential of Trichoderma asperellum T-Pa2 isolated from Phellodendron amurense rhizosphere soil

To promote the application of Trichoderma,many countries have collected Trichoderma resources.In the present study,nine isolates were isolated from a rhizosphere soil of Phellodendron amurense and were identified as three species:Trichoderma brevicompactum(one isolate),T.asperellum(two isolates),T.atroviride(six isolates).Dual culture experiments showed that T.asperellum T-Pa2 grew fast and produced the best inhibition rates against six tested pathogens(80.25–91.65%)via competition and mycoparasitism.Populus davidiana×P.alba var.pyramidalis Louche(PdPap poplar)was treated with T-Pa2,which increased the catalase activity,nitrate reductase activity,and content of osmosis molecules significantly(P<0.05).Meanwhile,induction by T-Pa2 increased the resistance of PdPap poplar against Alternaria alternata via modulating the expression of salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and auxin transduction pathway genes.The results will form the basis for the collection and application of biocontrol agents in forestry.

Developing Statistical Modellings to Investigate the Internal Drivers for the Trend of Output Values in the Manufacturing Industry:Evidence from Chinese Enterprises

The manufacturing industry is an important pillar of the national economy.It is of vital importance to develop statistical modellings in order to quantify the relationship between potential internal drivers and the trend of output values in the manufacturing industry.However,only a few statistical modellings have been established to investigate such associations.This study developed the correlation coefficient model and generalized linear model(GLM)to measure the single and interactive effects of the internal drivers on the changes of the output values.For the GLM,different predictive variables were developed to fit into the dataset,and the performance of the models were compared using fitness parameters.Furthermore,an industry survey dataset for 1,180 manufacturing enterprises in 2020 was used to validate the models.The use of the GLM combining land area,number of employees,scientific research input,and labor productivity may have a great potential to bolster capacity in monitoring and predicting the trend of output values in the manufacture industry.

Divergence of trafficking and polarization mechanisms for PIN auxin transporters during land plant evolution

The phytohormone auxin,and its directional transport through tissues,plays a fundamental role in the development of higher plants.This polar auxin transport predominantly relies on PIN-FORMED(PIN)auxin exporters.Hence,PIN polarization is crucial for development,but its evolution during the rise of morpho-logical complexity in land plants remains unclear.Here,we performed a cross-species investigation by observing the trafficking and localization of endogenous and exogenous PINs in two bryophytes,Physco-mitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha,and in theflowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.We confirmed that the GFP fusion did not compromise the auxin export function of all examined PINs by using a radioac-tive auxin export assay and by observing the phenotypic changes in transgenic bryophytes.Endogenous PINs polarize tofilamentous apices,while exogenous Arabidopsis PINs distribute symmetrically on the membrane in both bryophytes.In the Arabidopsis root epidermis,bryophytic PINs have no defined polarity.Pharmacological interference revealed a strong cytoskeletal dependence of bryophytic but not Arabidopsis PIN polarization.The divergence of PIN polarization and trafficking is also observed within the bryophyte clade and between tissues of individual species.These results collectively reveal the divergence of PIN traf-ficking and polarity mechanisms throughout land plant evolution and the co-evolution of PIN sequence-based and cell-based polarity mechanisms.

Multi-Agent System for Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling in Parking Lots

As the number of electric vehicles(EVs)increases,massive numbers of EVs have started to gather in commercial parking lots to charge and discharge,which may significantly impact the operation of the grid.There may also be a deviation in the departure time of charged and discharged EVs in commercial parking lots.This deviation can lead to insufficient battery energy when the EVs leave the parking lot.This study uses the simulation software AnyLogic to build a commercial parking lot multi-agent simulation model,and the agent-based model can fully reflect the autonomy of individual EVs.Based on this simulation model,we propose an EV scheduling algorithm.The algorithm contains two main agents.The first is the power distribution center agent(PDCA),which is used to coordinate the energy output of photovoltaic(PV),energy storage system(ESS),and distribution station(DS)to solve the problem of grid overload.The second is the scheduling center agent(SCA),which is used to solve the insufficient battery energy problem due to EVs’random departures.The SCA includes two stages.In the first stage,a priority scheduling algorithm is proposed to emphasize the fairness of EV charging.In the second stage,a genetic algorithm is used to accurately determine the time interval between charging and discharging to ensure the maximum benefit of EV owner.Finally,simulation experiments are conducted in AnyLogic,and the results demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm over the classical algorithm.

Recent advances in the research for the homolog of breast cancer associated gene AtROW1 in higher plants

BARD1(BRCA1 associated RING domain protein 1), as an important animal tumor suppressor gene associated with many kinds of cancers, has been intensively studied for decades. Surprisingly, homolog of BARD1 was found in plants and it was renamed At ROW1(repressor of Wuschel-1) according to its extremely important function with regard to plant stem cell homeostasis. Although great advances have been made in human BARD1, the function of this animal tumor-suppressor like gene in plant is not well studied and need to be further elucidated. Here, we review and summarize past and present work regarding this protein. Apart from its previously proposed role in DNA repair, recently it is found essential for shoot and root stem cell development and differentiation in plants. The study of At ROW1 in plant may provide an ideal model for further elucidating the functional mechanism of BARD1 in mammals.

Origin of a Subgenome and Genome Evolution of Allotetraploid Cotton Species

Cotton(Gossypium spp.)is one of the most important economic crops in the world and also a major source of natural fiber,oil,and protein.The morphology of cotton species varies from trailing herbaceous perennials to trees<10 m.Like other important crops,modern cotton cultivars are polyploids and have gone through polyploidization,evolution,and domestication.The cotton genus comprises approximately 45 diploid(2n=2x=26)and seven tetraploid species(2n=4x=52)(Guan et al.,2014).