Immunologic characteristics and predictive risk factors of primary Sjögren’s syndrome complicated with malignant lymphoma:A multicenter case-control study

To the Editor:Primary Sjögren’s syndrome(pSS)is a multi-systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the exocrine gland(mainly salivary and lacrimal glands)involvement,leading to xerostomia and xerophthalmia.[1]The course of pSS is relatively slow,but patients with pSS had higher risk of overall cancer,including malignant lymphoma(ML).[2]It is widely known that all-cause mortality rates were not increased in pSS patients as compared with healthy controls.Nonetheless,secondary lymphoproliferative disease was an important cause of excess mortality.

Hsa-miR-214-3p inhibits breast cancer cell growth and improves the tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating B7H3

Background:Immune checkpoint inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of solid tumors,but the currently used immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-1(PD-1),programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1),and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4(CTLA-4)show limited clinical efficacy in many breast cancers.B7H3 has been widely reported as an immunosuppressive molecule,but its immunological function in breast cancer patients remains unclear.Methods:We analyzed the expression of B7H3 in breast cancer samples using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program(TCGA)and the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)databases.MicroRNAs were selected using the TarBase,miRTarBase,and miRBase databases.The regulatory role of the microRNA hsa-miR-214-3p on B7H3 was investigated through dual-luciferase reporter assays,which identified the specific action sites of interaction.The expression levels of B7H3 and hsa-miR-214-3p in human breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were quantified using Western blotting and quantitative PCR(qPCR).In vitro experiments were performed to observe the effects of modulating the expression of B7H3 or hsa-miR-214-3p on breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis.Additionally,the regulatory impact of hsa-miR-214-3p on B7H3 was examined.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA)and flow cytometry were employed to assess the effects of co-cultured breast cancer cells and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)on immune cells and associated cytokines.Results:In breast cancer tissues,the expression level of B7H3 is inversely correlated with that of hsa-miR-214-3p,as well as with the regulatory effects on breast cancercell behavior.Hsa-miR-214-3p was found to inhibit breast cancer cell growth by downregulating B7H3.Importantly,our research identified,for the first time,two binding sites for hsa-miR-214-3p on the 3’UTR of B7H3,both of which exert similar effects independently.Co-culture experiments revealed that hsamiR-214-3p obstructs the suppressive function of B7H3 on CD8^(+)T cells and natural killer cells.Conclusions:This study confirms the existence of two hsa-miR-214-3p binding sites on the 3’UTR of B7H3,reinforcing the role of hsamiR-214-3p as a regulatory factor for B7H3.In breast cancer,hsa-miR-214-3p reduces tumor cell proliferation and enhances the tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating B7H3.These findings suggest new potential targets for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.

Low-dose interleukin-2 for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with recurrent rash

To the Editor,Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against self-antigens,leading to widespread inflammation and multi-organ involvement.It can affect almost all organ systems,resulting in various clinical manifestations and numerous complications.1 Skin and mucosal lesions are observed in most patients with SLE.Typical manifestations include the characteristic butterflyshaped facial erythema,subacute cutaneous lupus,and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus,with other forms presenting as lupus panniculitis,chilblain lupus erythematosus,and discoid lupus erythematosus.2 Here,we report a case of a patient with persistent facial butterfly erythema that did not respond to standard treatments.