Boosted sodium ion storage performance in MnO_(2):Understanding the bond angle-mediated orbital overlap in MnO_(6)units for fast charge transfer

Symmetric six oxygen-coordinated Mn structural units(MnO6)in MnO2 with small Mn–O orbital overlap hamper electron transfer rates during energy storage.Herein,we report a novel bond angle modulation strategy to manipulate Mn–O orbital overlap in MnO2 through the construction of Mn vacancies(MnO2-VMn),aiming at expediting electron transfer,and thus enhancing energy storage performance.Both experimental and theoretical results disclose that the amplification of Mn–O–Mn bond angles exclusively augments the Mn(dx2-y2)-O(py)orbital overlap and triggers the electron redistribution in MnO2-VMn,inducing an augmented Mn dx2-y2 electron occupation.This heightened presence of active electrons in the Mn dx2-y2 orbital paves the way for accelerating electron transfer and ion transfer in MnO2-VMn.Notably,MnO2-VMn delivers an improved specific capacitance of 425 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a superior rate capacity of 265 F g−1 at 20 A g−1.Furthermore,an asymmetric supercapacitor(MnO2-VMn//AC ASC)was fabricated,exhibiting a high energy density of 64.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1000 W kg−1.Furthermore,theoretical insights uncover the profound implications of metal–oxygen–metal bond angle regulation on interatomic orbital overlap modulation.These revelations illuminate pathways for the design of advanced energy storage materials.

Prediction and Analysis of the Force and Shape Parameters in Variable Gauge Rolling

Variable gauge rolling is a new process to obtain a plate for which the thickness changes continuously by continuously and dynamically adjusting the roll gap upward and downward in the rolling process.This technology is an efective method for producing lightweight,low-cost,and economical plates.However,variable gauge rolling is an unsteady process,and the changes in the force and deformation parameters are complex.In this research,based on the minimum energy theory of the variational principle and considering the characteristics of the roll movement and workpiece deformation comprehensively,the internal plastic deformation,friction,shear and tension powers,and the minimum result of the total power functional in upward and downward rolling are obtained with the frst integral and then with a variation of adopting the specifc plastic power and strain rate vector inner product.The analytical results of the deformation and force parameters are also established using the variational method.Then the precision of this model is certifed using the measured values in a medium plate hot rolling plant and the experimental data for Tailor Rolled Blank rolling.Good agreement is found.Additionally,the variation rule of bite angle,neutral angle,and location neutral points are shown,and the change mechanism of the friction parameter on the stress state efect coefcient is given in variable gauge rolling.This research proposes a new mathematical model for rolling process control that provides a scientifc basis and technical support for obtaining an accurate section shape in variable gauge rolling production.

Genomic footprints of sorghum domestication and breeding selection for multiple end uses

Domestication and diversification have had profound effects on crop genomes.Originating in Africa and subsequently spreading to different continents,sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)has experienced multiple onsets of domestication and intensive breeding selection for various end uses.However,how these processes have shaped sorghum genomes is not fully understood.In the present study,population genomics analyses were performed on a worldwide collection of 445 sorghum accessions,covering wild sorghum and four end-use subpopulations with diverse agronomic traits.Frequent genetic exchanges were found among various subpopulations,and strong selective sweeps affected 14.68%(∼107.5 Mb)of the sorghum genome,including 3649,4287,and 3888 genes during sorghum domestication,improvement of grain sorghum,and improvement of sweet sorghum,respectively.Eight different models of haplotype changes in domestication genes from wild sorghum to landraces and improved sorghum were observed,and Sh1-and SbTB1-type genes were representative of two prominent models,one of soft selection or multiple origins and one of hard selection or an early single domestication event.We also demonstrated that the Dry gene,which regulates stem juiciness,was unconsciously selected during the improvement of grain sorghum.Taken together,these findings provide new genomic insights into sorghum domestication and breeding selection,and will facilitate further dissection of the domestication and molecular breeding of sorghum.

Characterization of glutamatergic VTA neural population responses to aversive and rewarding conditioning in freely-moving mice

The Ventral Tegmental Area(VTA) is a midbrain structure known to integrate aversive and rewarding stimuli, but little is known about the role of VTA glutamatergic(VGluT2) neurons in these functions.Direct activation of VGluT2 soma evokes rewarding behaviors, while activation of their downstream projections evokes aversive behaviors. To facilitate our understanding of these conflicting properties, we recorded calcium signals from VTAVGluT2+ neurons using fiber photometry in VGluT2-cre mice to investigate how this population was recruited by aversive and rewarding stimulation, both during unconditioned and conditioned protocols. Our results revealed that, as a population, VTAVGluT2+neurons responded similarly to unconditioned-aversive and unconditioned-rewarding stimulation. During aversive and rewarding conditioning, the CS-evoked responses gradually increased across trials whilst the US-evoked response remained stable. Retrieval 24 h after conditioning, during which mice received only CS presentation, resulted in VTAVGluT2+ neurons strongly responding to CS presentation and to the expected-US but only for aversive conditioning. To help understand these differences based on VTAVGluT2+ neuronal networks, the inputs and outputs of VTAVGluT2+ neurons were investigated using Cholera Toxin B(CTB) and rabies virus. Based on our results, we propose that the divergent VTAVGluT2+ neuronal responses to aversion and reward conditioning may be partly due to the existence of VTAVGluT2+ subpopulations that are characterized by their connectivity.

A necessary considering factor for breeding:growth-defense tradeoff in plants

Crop diseases cause enormous yield losses and threaten global food security.Deployment of resistant cultivars can effectively control the disease and to minimize crop losses.However,high level of genetic immunity to disease was often accompanied by an undesired reduction in crop growth and yield.Recently,literatures have been rapidly emerged in understanding the mechanism of disease resistance and development genes in crop plants.To determine how and why the costs and the likely benefit of resistance genes caused in crop varieties,we re-summarized the present knowledge about the crosstalk between plant development and disease resistance caused by those genes that function as plasma membrane residents,MAPK cassette,nuclear envelope(NE)channels components and pleiotropic regulators.Considering the growth-defense tradeoffs on the basis of current advances,finally,we try to understand and suggest that a reasonable balancing strategies based on the interplay between immunity with growth should be considered to enhance immunity capacity without yield penalty in future crop breeding.