How Well Do CMIP6 and CMIP5 Models Simulate the Climatological Seasonal Variations in Ocean Salinity?

This paper includes a comprehensive assessment of 40 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5(CMIP5)and 33 models from the CMIP phase 6(CMIP6)to determine the climatological and seasonal variation of ocean salinity from the surface to 2000 m.The general pattern of the ocean salinity climatology can be simulated by both the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models from the surface to 2000-m depth.However,this study shows an increased fresh bias in the surface and subsurface salinity in the CMIP6 multimodel mean,with a global average of−0.44 g kg^(−1) for the sea surface salinity(SSS)and−0.26 g kg^(−1) for the 0-1000-m averaged salinity(S1000)compared with the CMIP5 multimodel mean(−0.25 g kg^(−1) for the SSS and−0.07 g kg^(−1) for the S1000).In terms of the seasonal variation,both CMIP6 and CMIP5 models show positive(negative)anomalies in the first(second)half of the year in the global average SSS and S1000.The model-simulated variation in SSS is consistent with the observations,but not for S1000,suggesting a substantial uncertainty in simulating and understanding the seasonal variation in subsurface salinity.The CMIP5 and CMIP6 models overestimate the magnitude of the seasonal variation of the SSS in the tropics in the region 20°S-20°N but underestimate the magnitude of the seasonal change in S1000 in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.These assessments show new features of the model errors in simulating ocean salinity and support further studies of the global hydrological cycle.

Screening criteria of mRNA indicators for wound age estimation

Wound age estimation is a crucial and challenging problem in forensic pathology.Although mRNA is the most commonly used indicator for wound age estimation,screening criteria are lacking.In the present study,the feasibility of screening criteria using mRNA to determine injury time based on the adenylate-uridylate-rich element(ARE)structure and gene ontology(GO)categories were evaluated.A total of 78 Sprague-Dawley male rats were contused and sampled at 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,and 48 h after inflicting injury.The candidate mRNAs were classified based on with or without ARE structure and GO category function.The mRNA expression levels were detected using qRT-PCR.In addition,the standard deviation(STD),mean deviation(MD),relative average deviation(d%),and coefficient of variation(CV)were calculated based on mRNA expression levels.The CV score(CVs)and the CV of CV(CV’CV)were calculated to measure heterogeneity.Finally,based on classic principles,the accuracy of combination of candidate mRNAs was assessed using discriminant analysis to construct a multivariate model for inferring wound age.The results of homogeneity evaluation of each group based on CVs were consistent with the MD,STD,d%,and CV results,indicating the credibility of the evaluation results based on CVs.The candidate mRNAs without ARE structure and classified as cellular component(CC)GO category(ARE-CC)had the highest CVs,showing the mRNAs with these characteristics are the most homogenous mRNAs and best suited for wound age estimation.The highest accuracy was 91.0%when the mRNAs without ARE structure were used to infer the wound age based on the discrimination model.The accuracy of mRNAs classified into CC or multiple function(MF)GO category was higher than mRNAs in the biological process(BP)category.In all subgroups,the accuracy of the composite identification model of mRNA composition without ARE structure and classified as CC was higher than other subgroups.The mRNAs without ARE structure and belonging to the CC GO category were more homogenous,showed higher accuracy for estimating wound age,and were appropriate for rat skeletal muscle wound age estimation.