Many networks in the real world have spatial attributes, such as location of nodes and length of edges, called spatial networks. When these networks are subject to some random or deliberate attacks, some nodes in the ...Many networks in the real world have spatial attributes, such as location of nodes and length of edges, called spatial networks. When these networks are subject to some random or deliberate attacks, some nodes in the network fail, which causes a decline in the network performance. In order to make the network run normally, some of the failed nodes must be recovered. In the case of limited recovery resources, an effective key node identification method can find the key recovering node in the failed nodes, by which the network performance can be recovered most of the failed nodes. We propose two key recovering node identification methods for spatial networks, which are the Euclidean-distance recovery method and the route-length recovery method. Simulations on homogeneous and heterogeneous spatial networks show that the proposed methods can significantly recover the network performance.展开更多
Purpose: Prostate specific antigen levels can be normalized by the prostate volume to give a prostate specific antigen density (PSAd). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can more accurately determine prostate zonal anat...Purpose: Prostate specific antigen levels can be normalized by the prostate volume to give a prostate specific antigen density (PSAd). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can more accurately determine prostate zonal anatomy and prostate volumes compared to transrectal ultrasound, and hence may lead to more accurate PSAd measurements. Methods: Imaging and pathology of men undergoing prostate MRI from April 2007 to May 2009 were reviewed in this retrospective study. 73 patients were included for analysis, of which 45 had prostate cancer and 28 did not have cancer. Total, transitional zone, and peripheral zone values were determined by ultrasound prolate ellipse, MRI prolate ellipse, and MRI segmentation methods. Results: The study population showed an average PSA of 6.3 ng/mL, with the control mean PSA (8.8 ng/mL) being greater than the cancer group (5.3 ng/mL). Transrectal ultrasound underestimated the prostate volume (mean 27.7 mL versus MRI volume of 38.3 mL, p ≤ 0.001). No difference was seen between cancer and control populations using PSAd. PSAd correctly categorized low (Gleason < 7) and high-grade cancers (Gleason ≥ 7) in patients with malignancy. Conclusion: Transrectal ultrasound underestimates prostate volumes and hence is inaccurate in calculating PSAd. MRI more accurately depicts PSAd, however PSAd is unable to differentiate between patients with cancer and benign disease such as BPH or prostatitis.展开更多
Although hierarchical correlated data are increasingly available and are being used in evidence-based medical practices and health policy decision making, there is a lack of information about the strengths and weaknes...Although hierarchical correlated data are increasingly available and are being used in evidence-based medical practices and health policy decision making, there is a lack of information about the strengths and weaknesses of the methods of analysis with such data. In this paper, we describe the use of hierarchical data in a family study of alcohol abuse conducted in Edmonton, Canada, that attempted to determine whether alcohol abuse in probands is associated with abuse in their first-degree relatives. We review three methods of analyzing discrete hierarchical data to account for correlations among the relatives. We conclude that the best analytic choice for typical correlated discrete hierarchical data is by nonlinear mixed effects modeling using a likelihood-based approach or multilevel (hierarchical) modeling using a quasilikelihood approach, especially when dealing with heterogeneous patient data.展开更多
Actinide metallacycles are an emerging class of functional coordination assemblies,but multi-level assembly from metallacycle units toward hierarchical supramolecular structures are still rarely investigated.In this w...Actinide metallacycles are an emerging class of functional coordination assemblies,but multi-level assembly from metallacycle units toward hierarchical supramolecular structures are still rarely investigated.In this work,we put forward a novel supramolecular inclusion-based method through introducing two macrocyclic hosts,cucurbit[7]uril(CB[7])and cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8])to facilitate hierarchical assembly of uranyl metallacycles with higher complexity,and successfully prepare two different kinds of uranyl metallacycle-based complexes with intriguing hierarchical structures,a CB[7]-based four-member molecular necklace([4]MN)and a CB[8]-involved ring-in-ring supramolecular polymer chain.The results obtained here prove the feasibility of supramolecular inclusion for regulating coordination assembly of uranyl metallacycles and related hierarchical structures.It is believed that this method can be used to achieve the construction of actinide coordination assemblies with higher structural complexity.展开更多
基金Project supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LQ23F030012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (Grant No. GK229909299001-018)。
文摘Many networks in the real world have spatial attributes, such as location of nodes and length of edges, called spatial networks. When these networks are subject to some random or deliberate attacks, some nodes in the network fail, which causes a decline in the network performance. In order to make the network run normally, some of the failed nodes must be recovered. In the case of limited recovery resources, an effective key node identification method can find the key recovering node in the failed nodes, by which the network performance can be recovered most of the failed nodes. We propose two key recovering node identification methods for spatial networks, which are the Euclidean-distance recovery method and the route-length recovery method. Simulations on homogeneous and heterogeneous spatial networks show that the proposed methods can significantly recover the network performance.
文摘Purpose: Prostate specific antigen levels can be normalized by the prostate volume to give a prostate specific antigen density (PSAd). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can more accurately determine prostate zonal anatomy and prostate volumes compared to transrectal ultrasound, and hence may lead to more accurate PSAd measurements. Methods: Imaging and pathology of men undergoing prostate MRI from April 2007 to May 2009 were reviewed in this retrospective study. 73 patients were included for analysis, of which 45 had prostate cancer and 28 did not have cancer. Total, transitional zone, and peripheral zone values were determined by ultrasound prolate ellipse, MRI prolate ellipse, and MRI segmentation methods. Results: The study population showed an average PSA of 6.3 ng/mL, with the control mean PSA (8.8 ng/mL) being greater than the cancer group (5.3 ng/mL). Transrectal ultrasound underestimated the prostate volume (mean 27.7 mL versus MRI volume of 38.3 mL, p ≤ 0.001). No difference was seen between cancer and control populations using PSAd. PSAd correctly categorized low (Gleason < 7) and high-grade cancers (Gleason ≥ 7) in patients with malignancy. Conclusion: Transrectal ultrasound underestimates prostate volumes and hence is inaccurate in calculating PSAd. MRI more accurately depicts PSAd, however PSAd is unable to differentiate between patients with cancer and benign disease such as BPH or prostatitis.
文摘Although hierarchical correlated data are increasingly available and are being used in evidence-based medical practices and health policy decision making, there is a lack of information about the strengths and weaknesses of the methods of analysis with such data. In this paper, we describe the use of hierarchical data in a family study of alcohol abuse conducted in Edmonton, Canada, that attempted to determine whether alcohol abuse in probands is associated with abuse in their first-degree relatives. We review three methods of analyzing discrete hierarchical data to account for correlations among the relatives. We conclude that the best analytic choice for typical correlated discrete hierarchical data is by nonlinear mixed effects modeling using a likelihood-based approach or multilevel (hierarchical) modeling using a quasilikelihood approach, especially when dealing with heterogeneous patient data.
基金support from the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.21925603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22122609,22076186 and 22176191)。
文摘Actinide metallacycles are an emerging class of functional coordination assemblies,but multi-level assembly from metallacycle units toward hierarchical supramolecular structures are still rarely investigated.In this work,we put forward a novel supramolecular inclusion-based method through introducing two macrocyclic hosts,cucurbit[7]uril(CB[7])and cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8])to facilitate hierarchical assembly of uranyl metallacycles with higher complexity,and successfully prepare two different kinds of uranyl metallacycle-based complexes with intriguing hierarchical structures,a CB[7]-based four-member molecular necklace([4]MN)and a CB[8]-involved ring-in-ring supramolecular polymer chain.The results obtained here prove the feasibility of supramolecular inclusion for regulating coordination assembly of uranyl metallacycles and related hierarchical structures.It is believed that this method can be used to achieve the construction of actinide coordination assemblies with higher structural complexity.
