Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer(GC)ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death.Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant improvements in patient survival,the low malignancy stage is relatively asymptomatic and many GC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages,which leads to unsatisfactory prognosis and high recurrence rates.With the recent advances in genome analysis,biomarkers have been identified that have clinical importance for GC diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis.Modern molecular classifications have uncovered the vital roles that signaling pathways,including EGFR/HER2,p53,PI3K,immune checkpoint pathways,and cell adhesion signaling molecules,play in GC tumorigenesis,progression,metastasis,and therapeutic responsiveness.These biomarkers and molecular classifications open the way for more precise diagnoses and treatments for GC patients.Nevertheless,the relative significance,temporal activation,interaction with GC risk factors,and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in GC are not well understood.Here,we review the regulatory roles of signaling pathways in GC potential biomarkers,and therapeutic targets with an emphasis on recent discoveries.Current therapies,including signaling-based and immunotherapies exploited in the past decade,and the development of treatment for GC,particularly the challenges in developing precision medications,are discussed.These advances provide a direction for the integration of clinical,molecular,and genomic profiles to improve GC diagnosis and treatments.

Scalable synthesis of macroscopic porous carbon sheet anode for potassium-ion capacitor

Carbon materials hold the great promise for application in energy storage devices owing to their low cost, high thermal/chemical stability, and high electrical conductivity. However, it remains challenging to synthesize high-performance carbon electrodes in a simple, scalable and sustainable way. Here, we report a facile method for scalable synthesis of porous carbon anode by using cheap and easily accessible zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as a template and polyvinylpyrrolidone as an additional carbon source. The obtained porous carbon shows the macroscopic sheet-like morphology, which has the highly disordered structure, expanded interlayer spacing, abundant pore structure, and nitrogen doping properties. This porous carbon anode is demonstrated to have the excellent K^(+) charge storage properties in specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. A potassium-ion capacitor assembled by using this porous carbon as the anode, delivers a maximum energy density of 85.12 Wh/kg and power density of 11860 W/kg as well as long cycle life exceeding 3000 cycles. This represents a critical advance in the design of low cost and scalable carbon material for applications in energy storage devices.