Macroscopic materials are heterogeneous,multi-elementary,and complex.No material is homogeneous or isotropic at a certain small scale.Parts of the material that differ from one another can be termed"natural chips...Macroscopic materials are heterogeneous,multi-elementary,and complex.No material is homogeneous or isotropic at a certain small scale.Parts of the material that differ from one another can be termed"natural chips."At different spots on the material,the composition,structure,and properties vary slightly,and the combination of these slight differences establishes the overall material performance.This article presents a state-of-the-art review of research and applications of high-throughput statistical spatialmapping characterization technology based on the intrinsic heterogeneity within materials.Highthroughput statistical spatial-mapping uses a series of rapid characterization techniques for analysis from the macroscopic to the microscopic scale.Datasets of composition,structure,and properties at each location are obtained rapidly for practical sample sizes.Accurate positional coordinate information and references to a point-to-point correspondence are used to set up a database that contains spatialmapping lattices.Based on material research and development design requirements,dataset spatialmapping within required target intervals is selected from the database.Statistical analysis can be used to select a suitable design that better meets the targeted requirements.After repeated verification,genetic units that reflect the material properties are determined.By optimizing process parameters,the assembly of these genetic unit(s)is verified at the mesoscale,and quantitative correlations are established between the microscale,mesoscale,macroscale,practical sample,across-the-scale span composition,structure,and properties.The high-throughput statistical spatial-mapping characterization technology has been applied to numerous material systems,such as steels,superalloys,galvanization,and ferrosilicon alloys.This approach has guided the composition and the process optimization of various materials.展开更多
Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in the large central vacuole of most plants. Inside the vacuole, anthocyanins can be found uniformly distributed or as part of sub-vacuolar pigment bodies, the Antho...Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in the large central vacuole of most plants. Inside the vacuole, anthocyanins can be found uniformly distributed or as part of sub-vacuolar pigment bodies, the Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions (AVIs). Using Arabidopsis seedlings grown under anthocyanin-inductive conditions as a model to un- derstand how AVIs are formed, we show here that the accumulation of AVIs strongly correlates with the formation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and derivatives. Arabidopsis mutants that fail to glycosylate anthocyanidins at the 5-0 position (Sgt mutant) accumulate AVIs in almost every epidermal cell of the cotyledons, as compared to wild-type seedlings, where only a small fraction of the cells show AVIs. A similar phenomenon is observed when seedlings are treated with vanadate. Highlighting a role for autophagy in the formation of the AVIs, we show that various mutants that interfere with the autophagic process (atg mutants) display lower numbers of AVIs, in addition to a reduced accumulation of anthocyanins. Interestingly, vanadate increases the numbers of AVIs in the atg mutants, suggesting that several pathways might participate in AVl formation. Taken together, our results suggest novel mechanisms for the formation of sub-vacuolar compartments capable of accumulating anthocyanin pigments.展开更多
We consider a dividends model with a stochastic jump perturbed by diffusion. First, we prove that the expected discounted dividends function is twice continuously differentiable under the condition that the claim dist...We consider a dividends model with a stochastic jump perturbed by diffusion. First, we prove that the expected discounted dividends function is twice continuously differentiable under the condition that the claim distribution function has continuous density. Then we show that the expected discounted dividends function under a barrier strategy satisfies some integro-differential equation of defective renewal type, and the solution of which can be explicitly expressed as a convolution formula. Finally, we study the Laplace transform of ruin time on the modified surplus process.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700300).The authors acknowledge helpful discussions with Profs.Hong Wang,Xiaodong Xiang,and Liang Jiang.We thank Laura Kuhar,Ph.D.from Liwen Bianji,Edanz Group China(www.liwenbianji.cn/ac),for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
文摘Macroscopic materials are heterogeneous,multi-elementary,and complex.No material is homogeneous or isotropic at a certain small scale.Parts of the material that differ from one another can be termed"natural chips."At different spots on the material,the composition,structure,and properties vary slightly,and the combination of these slight differences establishes the overall material performance.This article presents a state-of-the-art review of research and applications of high-throughput statistical spatialmapping characterization technology based on the intrinsic heterogeneity within materials.Highthroughput statistical spatial-mapping uses a series of rapid characterization techniques for analysis from the macroscopic to the microscopic scale.Datasets of composition,structure,and properties at each location are obtained rapidly for practical sample sizes.Accurate positional coordinate information and references to a point-to-point correspondence are used to set up a database that contains spatialmapping lattices.Based on material research and development design requirements,dataset spatialmapping within required target intervals is selected from the database.Statistical analysis can be used to select a suitable design that better meets the targeted requirements.After repeated verification,genetic units that reflect the material properties are determined.By optimizing process parameters,the assembly of these genetic unit(s)is verified at the mesoscale,and quantitative correlations are established between the microscale,mesoscale,macroscale,practical sample,across-the-scale span composition,structure,and properties.The high-throughput statistical spatial-mapping characterization technology has been applied to numerous material systems,such as steels,superalloys,galvanization,and ferrosilicon alloys.This approach has guided the composition and the process optimization of various materials.
文摘Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in the large central vacuole of most plants. Inside the vacuole, anthocyanins can be found uniformly distributed or as part of sub-vacuolar pigment bodies, the Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions (AVIs). Using Arabidopsis seedlings grown under anthocyanin-inductive conditions as a model to un- derstand how AVIs are formed, we show here that the accumulation of AVIs strongly correlates with the formation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and derivatives. Arabidopsis mutants that fail to glycosylate anthocyanidins at the 5-0 position (Sgt mutant) accumulate AVIs in almost every epidermal cell of the cotyledons, as compared to wild-type seedlings, where only a small fraction of the cells show AVIs. A similar phenomenon is observed when seedlings are treated with vanadate. Highlighting a role for autophagy in the formation of the AVIs, we show that various mutants that interfere with the autophagic process (atg mutants) display lower numbers of AVIs, in addition to a reduced accumulation of anthocyanins. Interestingly, vanadate increases the numbers of AVIs in the atg mutants, suggesting that several pathways might participate in AVl formation. Taken together, our results suggest novel mechanisms for the formation of sub-vacuolar compartments capable of accumulating anthocyanin pigments.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11171179).
文摘We consider a dividends model with a stochastic jump perturbed by diffusion. First, we prove that the expected discounted dividends function is twice continuously differentiable under the condition that the claim distribution function has continuous density. Then we show that the expected discounted dividends function under a barrier strategy satisfies some integro-differential equation of defective renewal type, and the solution of which can be explicitly expressed as a convolution formula. Finally, we study the Laplace transform of ruin time on the modified surplus process.