Promoter variations in DBR2-like affect artemisinin production in different chemotypes of Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua is the only known plant source of the potent antimalarial artemisinin,which occurs as the low-and high-artemisinin producing(LAP and HAP)chemotypes.Nevertheless,the different mechanisms of artemisinin producing between these two chemotypes were still not fully understood.Here,we performed a comprehensive analysis of genome resequencing,metabolome,and transcriptome data to systematically compare the difference in the LAP chemotype JL and HAP chemotype HAN.Metabolites analysis revealed that 72.18%of sesquiterpenes was highly accumulated in HAN compared to JL.Integrated omics analysis found a DBR2-Like(DBR2L)gene may be involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.DBR2L was highly homologous with DBR2,belonged to ORR3 family,and had the DBR2 activity of catalyzing artemisinic aldehyde to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde.Genome resequencing and promoter cloning revealed that complicated variations existed in DBR2L promoters among different varieties of A.annua and were clustered into three variation types.The promoter activity of diverse variant types showed obvious differences.Furthermore,the core region(-625 to 0)of the DBR2L promoter was identified and candidate transcription factors involved in DBR2L regulation were screened.Thus,the result indicates that DBR2L is another key enzyme involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.The promoter variation in DBR2L affects its expression level,and thereby may result in the different yield of artemisinin in varieties of A.annua.It provides a novel insight into the mechanism of artemisinin-producing difference in LAP and HAP chemotypes of A.annua,and will assist in a high yield of artemisinin in A.annua.

Notes on the Global Attractors for Semigroup

First we introduce two necessary and sufficient conditions which ensure the existence of the global attractors for semigroup. Then we recall the concept of measure of noncompactness of a set and recapitulate its basic properties. Finally, we prove that these two conditions are equivalent directly.

Self-assembled multiepitope nanovaccine based on NoV P particles induces effective and lasting protection against H3N2 influenza virus

Current seasonal influenza vaccines confer only limited coverage of virus strains due to the frequent genetic and antigenic variability of influenza virus(IV).Epitope vaccines that accurately target conserved domains provide a promising approach to increase the breadth of protection;however,poor immunogenicity greatly hinders their application.The protruding(P)domain of the norovirus(NoV),which can self-assemble into a 24-mer particle called the NoV P particle,offers an ideal antigen presentation platform.In this study,a multiepitope nanovaccine displaying influenza epitopes(HMN-PP)was constructed based on the NoV P particle nanoplatform.Large amounts of HMN-PP were easily expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble form.Animal experiments showed that the adjuvanted HMN-PP nanovaccine induced epitope-specific antibodies and haemagglutinin(HA)-specific neutralizing antibodies,the antibodies could persist for at least three months after the last immunization.Furthermore,HMN-PP induced matrix protein 2 extracellular domain(M2e)-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)T-cell responses,a nucleoprotein(NP)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL)response.These results indicated that the combination of a multiepitope vaccine and self-assembled NoV P particles may be an ideal and effective vaccine strategy for highly variable viruses such as IV and SARS-CoV-2.

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a common gynecologic endocrinopathy.The pathogenesis of PCOS is associated with both heredity and environment.PCOS has adverse impacts on female endocrine,reproduction,and metabolism.PCOS can impact women’s reproductive health,leading to anovulatory infertility and higher rate of early pregnancy loss.PCOS has additional metabolic derangements,such as insulin resistance,impaired glucose tolerance,and dyslipidemia.The risks of diabetes,cardiovascular disease,hypertension,metabolic syndrome,and endometrial cancer among PCOS patients are significantly increased as well.

Effect of orlistat on obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a common gynecological endocrine syndrome characterized by metabolic abnormality and reproductive dysfunction,including ovulation abnormality,hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian manifestations.Most PCOS patients are overweight or obese,particularly the central type.This aggravates the clinical manifestations of PCOS and ultimately increases the risk of infertility.Orlistat is the only weight loss drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.As a long-lasting gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor,orlistat can effectively reduce the absorption of lipid and increase lipid excretion,thereby achieving weight loss.In obese PCOS patients,orlistat can reduce weight,improve lipid metabolism and insulin resistance,improve sex hormone disorder,and have a positive effect on pregnancy outcome.This review summarizes the impact of orlistat treatment on metabolism and fertility in obese women with PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Due to an editing error,a mistake has been introduced in the email address of corresponding author.The correct email address should be zjchen_59@yahoo.com.We apologize for the error.

Uncovering the Impact of Control Strategies on the Transmission Pattern of SARS-CoV-2—Ruili City,Yunnan Province,China,February–March 2022

Introduction:The implementation of public health and social measures(PHSMs)was an effective option for controlling coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).However,evidence is needed to evaluate these PHSMs’effects on the recently emerged variant Omicron.Methods:This study investigated variant Omicron BA.2’s outbreak in Ruili City,Yunnan Province,China.The disease transmission dynamics,spatiotemporal interactions,and transmission networks were analyzed to illustrate the effect of PHSM strategies on Omicron spread.Results:A total of 387 cases were related to the outbreak.The time-varying reproduction number was synchronized with PHSM strategies.Spatiotemporal clustering strength presented heterogeneity and hotspots.Restricted strategies suppressed temporal and spatial relative risk compared with routine and upgraded strategies.The transmission network presented a steeper degree distribution and a heavier tail under upgraded strategies.Phase transformation and distinctive transmission patterns were observed from strategy-stratified subnetworks.Conclusions:The tightened response strategy contained reproduction of the virus,suppressed spatiotemporal clustering,and reshaped the networks of COVID-19 Omicron variant transmission.As such,PHSMs against Omicron are likely to benefit future responses as well.

Effectiveness of Frequent Viral Load Testing Plus Additional Interventions to Prevent HIV Transmission in Heterosexual,Serodiscordant Couples—Yunnan Province,China,2019-2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?HIV transmission among serodiscordant couples remains a persistent issue in China.However,the practice of combining counseling with antiretroviral therapies(ART)to enhance ART adherence is not widely implemented or recommended in Chinese health guidelines.What is added by this report?