Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2)infection can result in more severe syndromes and poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes and obesity.However,the precise mechanisms responsible for the com...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2)infection can result in more severe syndromes and poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes and obesity.However,the precise mechanisms responsible for the combined impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and diabetes have not yet been elucidated,and effective treatment options for SARS-Co V-2-infected diabetic patients remain limited.To investigate the disease pathogenesis,K18-h ACE2 transgenic(h ACE2^(Tg))mice with a leptin receptor deficiency(h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-))and high-fat diet(h ACE2-HFD)background were generated.The two mouse models were intranasally infected with a 5×10^(5) median tissue culture infectious dose(TCID_(50))of SARSCo V-2,with serum and lung tissue samples collected at 3days post-infection.The h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-)mice were then administered a combination of low-molecular-weight heparin(LMWH)(1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg)and insulin via subcutaneous injection prior to intranasal infection with1×10^(4) TCID_(50)of SARS-Co V-2.Daily drug administration continued until the euthanasia of the mice.Analyses of viral RNA loads,histopathological changes in lung tissue,and inflammation factors were conducted.Results demonstrated similar SARS-Co V-2 susceptibility in h ACE2^(Tg)mice under both lean(chow diet)and obese(HFD)conditions.However,compared to the h ACE2-Lepr^(+/+)mice,h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-)mice exhibited more severe lung injury,enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),and increased apoptosis.Moreover,combined LMWH and insulin treatment effectively reduced disease progression and severity,attenuated lung pathological changes,and mitigated inflammatory responses.In conclusion,preexisting diabetes can lead to more severe lung damage upon SARS-Co V-2 infection,and LMWH may be a valuable therapeutic approach for managing COVID-19patients with diabetes.展开更多
Dear Editor,An acute viral pneumonia(COVID-19),caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2,was first identified during December 2019 in China(Zhu et al.,2020).SARSCoV-2 was found to be highly transmissible in ...Dear Editor,An acute viral pneumonia(COVID-19),caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2,was first identified during December 2019 in China(Zhu et al.,2020).SARSCoV-2 was found to be highly transmissible in humans(Wang et al.,2020)and is now a pandemic spreading to over 140 countries and causing over 150,000 infections and 6,000 deaths as of March 15,2020.Diagnosis is critical for confirmation and treatment of COVID-19.Currently the primary criterion for diagnosis of COVID-19 is viral RNA detection for respiratory samples.Recently,two studies on virus loads in clinical samples reported that viral loads in nasal and throat swabs and sputum specimens peaked at 3–7 days after illness onset(d.a.o.)and virtually disappeared before 15 d.a.o.(Pan et al.,2020;Zou et al.,2020).Another study showed that the median duration of virus shedding in throat swabs was 20 d.a.o.in survivors and was detectable until death in non-survivors(Zhou et al.,2020).Additionally,live viruses have been isolated in the feces and urine samples of COVID-19 patients.However,the viral dynamics in these types of specimens has not yet been clearly elucidated,as well as comparative studies on virus shedding in the upper respiratory,intestinal,and urinary tracts.展开更多
Dear Editor,The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is generating a demand for simultaneous vaccine development,which is expected to prevent future outbreaks by eliciting sufficient and protective immunity.
Since the 20th century,humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses(IAVs)(H1N1/1918,H2N2/1957,H3N2/1968,and H1N1/2009)and the coronavirus(CoV)severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(S...Since the 20th century,humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses(IAVs)(H1N1/1918,H2N2/1957,H3N2/1968,and H1N1/2009)and the coronavirus(CoV)severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts.Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs,further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk.Moreover,SARS-CoV-2 may maintain longterm circulation in humans as seasonal IAVs.Co-existence and co-infection of both viruses in humans could alter disease transmission patterns and aggravate disease burden.Herein,we demonstrate how virus-host ecology correlates with the co-existence and co-infection of IAVs and/or CoVs,further affecting virus evolution and disease dynamics and burden,calling for active virus surveillance and countermeasures for future public health challenges.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (XDB29010102)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (91957124,82161148010,32041010)+4 种基金Self-supporting Program of Guangzhou Laboratory (SRPG22-001)National Science and Technology Infrastructure of China (National Pathogen Resource Center-NPRC-32)Management Strategy of the Tertiary Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Based on DIP system (supported by China Health Promotion Foundation)supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (Y2021034)Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZYYCXTD-D-202208)。
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARSCo V-2)infection can result in more severe syndromes and poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes and obesity.However,the precise mechanisms responsible for the combined impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and diabetes have not yet been elucidated,and effective treatment options for SARS-Co V-2-infected diabetic patients remain limited.To investigate the disease pathogenesis,K18-h ACE2 transgenic(h ACE2^(Tg))mice with a leptin receptor deficiency(h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-))and high-fat diet(h ACE2-HFD)background were generated.The two mouse models were intranasally infected with a 5×10^(5) median tissue culture infectious dose(TCID_(50))of SARSCo V-2,with serum and lung tissue samples collected at 3days post-infection.The h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-)mice were then administered a combination of low-molecular-weight heparin(LMWH)(1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg)and insulin via subcutaneous injection prior to intranasal infection with1×10^(4) TCID_(50)of SARS-Co V-2.Daily drug administration continued until the euthanasia of the mice.Analyses of viral RNA loads,histopathological changes in lung tissue,and inflammation factors were conducted.Results demonstrated similar SARS-Co V-2 susceptibility in h ACE2^(Tg)mice under both lean(chow diet)and obese(HFD)conditions.However,compared to the h ACE2-Lepr^(+/+)mice,h ACE2-Lepr^(-/-)mice exhibited more severe lung injury,enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),and increased apoptosis.Moreover,combined LMWH and insulin treatment effectively reduced disease progression and severity,attenuated lung pathological changes,and mitigated inflammatory responses.In conclusion,preexisting diabetes can lead to more severe lung damage upon SARS-Co V-2 infection,and LMWH may be a valuable therapeutic approach for managing COVID-19patients with diabetes.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDB29010102 and XDA19090118)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(32041010)+2 种基金Hebei Key Research and Development Program(20277704D)Y.B.is supported by the NSFC Outstanding Young Scholars(31822055)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2017122).
文摘Dear Editor,An acute viral pneumonia(COVID-19),caused by the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2,was first identified during December 2019 in China(Zhu et al.,2020).SARSCoV-2 was found to be highly transmissible in humans(Wang et al.,2020)and is now a pandemic spreading to over 140 countries and causing over 150,000 infections and 6,000 deaths as of March 15,2020.Diagnosis is critical for confirmation and treatment of COVID-19.Currently the primary criterion for diagnosis of COVID-19 is viral RNA detection for respiratory samples.Recently,two studies on virus loads in clinical samples reported that viral loads in nasal and throat swabs and sputum specimens peaked at 3–7 days after illness onset(d.a.o.)and virtually disappeared before 15 d.a.o.(Pan et al.,2020;Zou et al.,2020).Another study showed that the median duration of virus shedding in throat swabs was 20 d.a.o.in survivors and was detectable until death in non-survivors(Zhou et al.,2020).Additionally,live viruses have been isolated in the feces and urine samples of COVID-19 patients.However,the viral dynamics in these types of specimens has not yet been clearly elucidated,as well as comparative studies on virus shedding in the upper respiratory,intestinal,and urinary tracts.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDB29010102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(32041010)+4 种基金Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z201100007920017)Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospital Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support(ZYLX201802)Beijing Hospital Authority(DFL20191801)the NSFC Outstanding Young Scholars(31822055)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2017122)。
文摘Dear Editor,The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is generating a demand for simultaneous vaccine development,which is expected to prevent future outbreaks by eliciting sufficient and protective immunity.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2300903,2021YFE0109100,and 2021YFC2301300)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(XDB29010102)+8 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(32161123001,82161148010,and 32041010)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(M22029 and L192007)CAS Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute(151C53KYSB20210023)Shenzhen Science and Technology Research and Development Project(JCYJ20180504165549581)the National Science and Technology Infrastructure of China(National Pathogen Resource Center-NPRC-32)supported by the Special Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020T130123ZX)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Outstanding Young Scholars(31822055)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(Y2021034)the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYCXTD-D-202208)。
文摘Since the 20th century,humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses(IAVs)(H1N1/1918,H2N2/1957,H3N2/1968,and H1N1/2009)and the coronavirus(CoV)severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts.Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs,further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk.Moreover,SARS-CoV-2 may maintain longterm circulation in humans as seasonal IAVs.Co-existence and co-infection of both viruses in humans could alter disease transmission patterns and aggravate disease burden.Herein,we demonstrate how virus-host ecology correlates with the co-existence and co-infection of IAVs and/or CoVs,further affecting virus evolution and disease dynamics and burden,calling for active virus surveillance and countermeasures for future public health challenges.