组织污名研究的兴起、现状与未来研究方向

作为一种消极的社会评价,组织污名普遍存在于社会中且破坏力巨大。虽然近些年越来越多的学者开始关注和探索组织污名的生成机理和管理策略,然而现有组织污名的研究还非常零散,尚未形成统一的理论框架。本文借助于梳理过去多年组织污名研究文献,致力于回答以下几个问题:当前组织污名研究的理论框架与贡献是什么?社交媒体时代组织污名研究应该关注的重点和方向是什么?本文的贡献在于不仅系统地梳理了组织污名研究的脉络与理论框架,更在于指出社交媒体时代开展组织污名研究的方向与重点。

Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and Liquid Wastes

有机固液废弃物包含大量能量、养分和水分,不应仅视其为废物。数十年来,人们一直对城市固体废物进行回收、堆制和燃烧,并从中提取能量和有价值的物质。污水的首要管理策略是治理和排放。随着技术的进步,通过新方法使利用固体废物和废水成为可能。考虑到废物特殊的化学、物理和生物性质,需要整合多种技术以使废物的能量和价值回收最大化。为此,生物炼制是完全利用废物中的能量和价值的一个合适的方法。研究证明,不可回收废弃物和生物固体可通过不同方法转化为可利用的热能、电能、燃料和化学品,并且液体废物或能帮助农作物和藻类的成长,为能量回收和食物生产提供不同的选择。本文针对有机固液废物提出新型生物炼制方案,这些废物来源于城市废料、食品和生物加工厂以及动物生产设施。四大新型突破性科技——真空辅助高温厌氧消化、扩展鱼菜共生系统、含油废物经甘油裂解制取生物柴油和微波辅助热化学转化,均可运用于生物炼制方案中,从而成功将废物转化,用以生产化学品、化肥、能量(沼气、合成气、生物柴油和生物油)、食物、饲料,得到干净的水并显著减少污染物的排放。

螺旋藻培养液高效循环利用及其生长抑制因子的鉴定

针对螺旋藻培养耗水量大、成本较高、营养元素浪费严重且其培养液循环利用过程中生长受到严重抑制等问题。本工作采用0.45μm滤膜、10 kDa超滤膜、大孔树脂S-8和活性炭处理螺旋藻培养液,评估处理后的培养液循环利用5次后,螺旋藻的生长及营养成分含量变化,并分析鉴定胞外抑制的组成成分。结果表明,螺旋藻培养液的处理可有效降低胞外有机物的抑制效果,其处理效果顺序为10 kDa超滤膜>大孔树脂S-8>活性炭>0.45μm滤膜。培养液循环利用5次后,10 kDa超滤膜处理组的螺旋藻细胞干重仅下降5.9%,而0.45μm滤膜处理组的细胞干重显著降低22%(p<0.05),且由于细胞代谢的胁迫作用,其胞内多糖含量却增加了217%。此外,培养液中的胞外抑制物主要是由岩藻糖(19.98%)、鼠李糖(15.61%)和葡萄糖(14.75%)等单糖组成的多糖类有机物。

Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine,amoxicillin,and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment:A randomized controlled trial

Background:With the development of traditional Chinese medicine research,berberine has shown good efficacy and safety in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori).The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine,amoxicillin,and vonoprazan for the initial treatment of H.pylori.Methods:This study was a single-center,open-label,parallel,randomized controlled clinical trial.Patients with H.pylori infection were randomly(1:1:1)assigned to receive berberine triple therapy(berberine 500 mg,amoxicillin 1000 mg,vonoprazan 20 mg,A group),vonoprazan quadruple therapy(vonoprazan 20 mg,amoxicillin 1000 mg,clarithromycin 500 mg,colloidal bismuth tartrate 220 mg,B group),or rabeprazole quadruple therapy(rabeprazole 10 mg,amoxicillin 1000 mg,clarithromycin 500 mg,colloidal bismuth tartrate 220 mg,C group).The drugs were taken twice daily for 14 days.The main outcome was the H.pylori eradication rate.The secondary outcomes were symptom improvement rate,patient compliance,and incidence of adverse events.Furthermore,factors affecting the eradication rate of H.pylori were further analyzed.Results:A total of 300 H.pylori-infected patients were included in this study,and 263 patients completed the study.An intention-to-treat(ITT)analysis showed that the eradication rates of H.pylori in berberine triple therapy,vonoprazan quadruple therapy,and rabeprazole quadruple therapy were 70.0%(70/100),77.0%(77/100),and 69.0%(69/100),respectively.The per-protocol(PP)analysis showed that the eradication rates of H.pylori in these three groups were 81.4%(70/86),86.5%(77/89),and 78.4%(69/88),respectively.Both ITT analysis and PP analysis showed that the H.pylori eradication rate did not significantly differ among the three groups(P>0.05).In addition,the symptom improvement rate,overall adverse reaction rate,and patient compliance were similar among the three groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:The efficacy of berberine triple therapy for H.pylori initial treatment was comparable to that of vonoprazan quadruple therapy and rabeprazole quadruple therapy,and it was well tolerated.It could be used as one choice of H.pylori initial treatment.

Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach

Current biofuel production relies on limited arable lands on the earth,and is impossible to meet the biofuel demands.Oil producing algae are alternative biofuel feedstock with potential to meet the world’s ambitious goal to replace fossil fuels.This review provides an overview of the biological and engineering aspects in the production and processing technologies and recent advances in research and development in the algae to fuels approach.The article covers biology,selection and genetic modification of algae species and strains,production systems design,culture media and light management,harvest and dewatering,downstream processing,and environment and economic assessment.Despite the many advances made over several decades,commercialization of algal fuels remains challenging chiefly because of the techno-economic constraints.Technological breakthroughs in all major aspects must take place before commercial production of algal fuels becomes economically viable.

Catalytic microwave assisted pyrolysis of aspen

The effect of catalysts on the microwave pyrolysis of aspen pellets was studied.A range of chlorides,nitrates and metal-oxides were added at 2%of the aspen mass(air dry aspen pellet weight basis).Chlorides in particular were found to favor liquid yield,especially the yield of water phase residue.Average liquid yield with added chlorides was 41%mass of the total biomass input,compared to 35%mass without catalyst.Metal-oxides were found to favor pyrolysis heavy oil,and thus total oil yield,since the yield of light oils seemed to be fairly constant.Nitrates were found to favor pyrolysis gas production.Pure light oils and light oils blended with diesel were found to be a potential diesel fuel substitute.

Fractionation and characterization of bio-oil from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover

Bio-oil from thermochemical conversion of biomass is a complex mixture of polar and non-polar compounds,and cannot be used directly as a combustion engine fuel due to its low heating value,high viscosity,chemical instability,and incomplete volatility.Mixed-solvent extraction was developed to fractionate bio-oils from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover to produce light oil(a mixture of light and inflammable fuel oil components from bio-oil)with low viscosity and low combustion residue,and high value chemicals.Different fractions from bio-oil were characterized using GC/MS and TG,and a major chemical(hydroxy-butanedioic acid diethyl ester)was separated.

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of vegetable oil soapstock:Comparative study of rapeseed,sunflower,corn,soybean,rice,and peanut oil soapstock

In this study,the effects of catalytic temperature and the type of soapstock on products from microwave-assisted pyrolysis were investigated.HZSM-5 was used as the catalyst to study the pyrolysis of six different soapstocks at 200℃,300℃,and 400℃ catalytic temperature.Results showed that the bio-oil yields initially increased and then decreased with the increase in catalytic temperature.When the catalytic temperature was 300℃,the bio-oil reached up to the maximum value(65.8 wt.%).Findings indicated that the composition of bio-oil was related to the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids sodium in the soapstocks.In the case of saturated fatty acid sodium,a series of alkanes was formed,whereas the pyrolysis of monounsaturated fatty acid sodium resulted mainly in cycloalkanes,the cycloalkenes obtained from bio-oil was produced by polyunsaturated fatty acid sodium.

Biorefinery process for production of bioactive compounds and bio-oil from Camellia oleifera shell

A biorefinery process was developed in this study to obtain bioactive compounds and bio-oil from Camellia oleifera shells.Four different extraction techniques(water,ethanol,ultrasound-assisted deionized water,and ultrasound-assisted ethanol)were utilized to extract tea saponin and tannin from C.oleifera shells.Results showed that ethanol had better extraction capacity than did deionized water,and ultrasound could promote the dissolution of tannin and tea saponin in solution.The thermogravimetric curves of the samples treated under the four conditions moved toward high temperatures.This phenomenon indicated the thermal stability of the residue was significantly improved.The pretreatment showed a slight effect on the chemical compositions of bio-oil.Specifically,the samples treated with ethanol and ultrasound-assisted deionized water contained higher phenol contents(81.07%and 81.52%,respectively)than the other samples.The content of organic acid decreased with an increase in the phenol content.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 35 children with COVID-19 in Beijing,China

Importance:Within the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic,more attention is warranted for whether this new infectious disease has unique manifestations in children.Objective:To retrospectively determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 35 children with COVID-19 in Beijing,China.Methods:We collected data for 35 children diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital from January 2020 to June 2020,and analyzed their epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestations,laboratory examinations,chest imaging findings,treatments,and outcomes.Results:The children comprised 18 boys(51.4%)and 17 girls(48.6%)aged 6 months to 15 years.All patients had clear epidemiological history,with family clusters accounting for 28 cases(80.0%)and clear tracing of exposure to high epidemic areas in the remaining 7 cases(20.0%).Four(11.4%)patients were classified as asymptomatic,17(48.6%)as acute upper respiratory infection,and 14(40.0%)as mild pneumonia,with no severe or critical cases.Clinical manifestations were mild,including fever in 18(51.4%),cough in 14(40.0%),and nausea and diarrhea in 7(20.0%)patients.White blood cell count was mostly normal(26 cases,74.3%)or decreased(7 cases,20.0%);lymphocyte percentage was increased in 24(68.7%);neutrophil percentage was decreased in 25(71.4%);alanine aminotransferase was increased in 3(8.6%);and serum potassium was decreased in 4(11.4%).Time to negative viral nucleic acid testing was 2-42 days(mean:14.0±9.4 days).Chest imaging examination revealed that 20 patients(57.1%)had different forms of lung inflammation.Treatment was mainly isolation and nutritional support.Eleven patients were treated with interferon atomization inhalation.No patients required oxygen therapy.All 35 children were cured and discharged.Length of hospital stay was 9-54 days(mean:25.4±13.8 days).During regular follow-up after discharge,5 children showed positivity again in the viral nucleic acid test and were re-hospitalized for observation and treatment.The mean length of re-hospitalization stay was 10.8 days.Interpretation:Children with COVID-19 mainly become infected within their family,and children of all ages are generally susceptible.The disease in children is mostly mild and the prognosis is good.Nucleic acid tests in some patients become positive again after discharge,suggesting that it is of great significance to carry out centralized isolation medical observations and active nucleic acid tests in close contacts for early detection of patients and routine epidemic prevention and control.

Magnetic Nanomotor-Based Maneuverable SERS Probe

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)is a powerful sensing technique capable of capturing ultrasensitive fingerprint signal of analytes with extremely low concentration.However,conventional SERS probes are passive nanoparticles which are usually massively applied for biochemical sensing,lacking controllability and adaptability for precise and targeted sensing at a small scale.Herein,we report a“rod-like”magnetic nanomotor-based SERS probe(MNM-SP)that integrates a mobile and controllable platform of micro-/nanomotors with a SERS sensing technique.The“rod-like”structure is prepared by coating a thin layer of silica onto the self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles.Afterwards,SERS hotspots of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)are decorated as detecting nanoprobes.The MNM-SPs can be navigated on-demand to avoid obstacles and target sensing sites by the guidance of an external gradient magnetic field.Through applying a rotating magnetic field,the MNM-SPs can actively rotate to efficiently stir and mix surrounding fluid and thus contact with analytes quickly for SERS sensing.Innovatively,we demonstrate the self-cleaning capability of the MNM-SPs which can be used to overcome the contamination problem of traditional single-use SERS probes.Furthermore,the MNM-SPs could precisely approach the targeted single cell and then enter into the cell by endocytosis.It is worth mentioning that by the effective mixing of intracellular biocomponents,much more informative Raman signals with improved signal-to-noise ratio can be captured after active rotation.Therefore,the demonstrated magnetically activated MNM-SPs that are endowed with SERS sensing capability pave way to the future development of smart sensing probes with maneuverability for biochemical analysis at the micro-/nanoscale.

Processing and properties of rigid polyurethane foams based on bio-oils from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover

A new kind of rigid polyurethane(PU)foam was synthesized from the oil phase of bio-oils from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of corn stover.The recipes for the PU foams consisted of polyol-rich bio-oils,water as blowing agent,polyethylene glycol(PEG)as both polyol donor and plasticizer,diphenylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate(polymeric MDI)as cross-linking agent,silicon-based surfactant,and tin-based catalyst.The mechanical properties of rigid foams were measured with universal testing machine(Instron4206).The effects of individual ingredients on the physical and mechanical properties of the foams were studied.It was found that water content,bio-oil content,and isocyanate dosage were important variables in making PU foams in terms of mechanical strength,density,and cellular structure Under optimal conditions,the compression strength of the prepared PU foams reached 1130 kPa with a density of 152.9 g/L.The results show that bio-oils are potential renewable polyol sources for making rigid PU foams.

Liquefaction of corn stover using industrial biodiesel glycerol

Corn stover was liquefied using an industrial biodiesel glycerol as a liquefying agent at atmospheric pressure and low temperature.It was found that the liquefaction yield increased with increasing glycerol-to-corn stover ratios.Sulfuric acid,added as a catalyst,was found to improve liquefaction yield.The hydroxyl number,moisture content,acid number,pH value,viscosity,density,elemental composition,and higher heating value of the liquefied corn stover samples were determined.The liquefied corn stover showed a high hydroxyl number of 270-310 mg KOH/g.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)results revealed the functional groups and confirmed the existence of the OH group in the liquefied corn stover,indicating that the liquefied corn stover is indeed a source of polyols and a potential chemical stock for the synthesis of polymers.