This study scrutinises the Chinese characters in two reference works compiled as part of two projects:the Graded list and the EBCL list.Situated in the character-based theory,the characters compiled in both are examin...This study scrutinises the Chinese characters in two reference works compiled as part of two projects:the Graded list and the EBCL list.Situated in the character-based theory,the characters compiled in both are examined in depth from the perspectives of character complexity,character structure,semantic and phonetic radical transparency,frequency of character,and frequency of word formation.The results show that the two lists share similarities in terms of distribution of characters of different structures,level of semantic radical transparency,and frequencies of character and word formation.The character complexity of the Graded list is higher than that of the EBCL,while the level of phonetic radical transparency of the Graded list is lower than that of the EBCL list.With the Graded list,the high demands of character learning need to be borne in mind;this is due to the visual load of character complexity and the pronunciation information provided in phonetic radicals.Against a backdrop of increasing demand for CFL pedagogical materials,the differences and similarities between the two lists analysed and discussed in this study contribute to their pedagogical applications in teaching and learning Chinese characters.展开更多
The innate immune responses,including inflammasome activation,are paramount for host defense against pathogen infection.In contrast to canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation,in this study,heat-killed gram-...The innate immune responses,including inflammasome activation,are paramount for host defense against pathogen infection.In contrast to canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation,in this study,heat-killed gram-negative bacteria(HK bacteria)were identified as single-step stimulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes,and they caused a moderate amount of IL-1βto be released from cells.Time course experiments showed that this alternative inflammasome response was finished within a few hours.Further analysis showed that the intrinsically limited NLRP3 inflammasome activation response was due to the negative regulation of caspase-8 by the short isoform of cFLIP(cFLIPs),which was activated by NF-κB.In contrast,overexpressed cFLIPS,but not overexpressed cFLIPL,inhibited the activation of caspase-8 and the release of IL-1βin response to HK bacteria infection in human monocytes.Furthermore,we demonstrated that TAK1 activity mediated the expression of cFLIPs and was upstream and essential for the caspase-8 cleavage induced by HK bacteria in human monocytes.The functional specificity of cFLIPs and TAK1 revealed unique responses of human monocytes to a noninvasive pathogen,providing novel insights into an alternative regulatory pathway of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.展开更多
Synthetic DNA motors have spurred considerable research interest as a way to interrogate biochemical processes that can further facilitate disease diagnosis.However,current direct sense-on-demand DNA motors are hamper...Synthetic DNA motors have spurred considerable research interest as a way to interrogate biochemical processes that can further facilitate disease diagnosis.However,current direct sense-on-demand DNA motors are hampered by undesired signal leakage originating from their nonspecific stimulation prior to their arrival at target sites.Herein,we propose a DNAzyme-guided DNA amplification motor through the facile built-in of a stimuli-responsive DNAzyme brake to facilitate the in vivo sensitive imaging of biomarkers by minimizing the off-site signal leakage in living systems.To realize the on-site activation,the inactive DNAzyme DNA motor was encapsulated into the folate(FA)-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)/poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA)nanovesicles.The FA interaction-promoted tumor-cell-selective delivery and the pH-responsive disassembly of ZIF-8/PLGA permitted sufficient release of DNAzyme cofactors to achieve on-site stimulation of DNAzyme for restoring the temporally caged DNA amplification motor in tumor cells where the endogenous miRNA target was thus specifically and sensitively analyzed.By integration of the cellselective delivery and the site-specific stimulation,our DNAzyme-guided DNA motor can realize the reliable imaging of tumor cells and provide a new toolbox for disease diagnosis.展开更多
文摘This study scrutinises the Chinese characters in two reference works compiled as part of two projects:the Graded list and the EBCL list.Situated in the character-based theory,the characters compiled in both are examined in depth from the perspectives of character complexity,character structure,semantic and phonetic radical transparency,frequency of character,and frequency of word formation.The results show that the two lists share similarities in terms of distribution of characters of different structures,level of semantic radical transparency,and frequencies of character and word formation.The character complexity of the Graded list is higher than that of the EBCL,while the level of phonetic radical transparency of the Graded list is lower than that of the EBCL list.With the Graded list,the high demands of character learning need to be borne in mind;this is due to the visual load of character complexity and the pronunciation information provided in phonetic radicals.Against a backdrop of increasing demand for CFL pedagogical materials,the differences and similarities between the two lists analysed and discussed in this study contribute to their pedagogical applications in teaching and learning Chinese characters.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(81830049,92269202),National Key R&D Program(2022YFC2304700,2022YFC2303200,2018YFA0507300)Strategic Priority Research Program(XDB29030303)and International Partnership Program(153831KYSB20190008)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2019SHZDZX02)and Research Leader Program(20XD1403900),as well as the Innovation Capacity Building Project of Jiangsu Province(BM2020019).
文摘The innate immune responses,including inflammasome activation,are paramount for host defense against pathogen infection.In contrast to canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation,in this study,heat-killed gram-negative bacteria(HK bacteria)were identified as single-step stimulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes,and they caused a moderate amount of IL-1βto be released from cells.Time course experiments showed that this alternative inflammasome response was finished within a few hours.Further analysis showed that the intrinsically limited NLRP3 inflammasome activation response was due to the negative regulation of caspase-8 by the short isoform of cFLIP(cFLIPs),which was activated by NF-κB.In contrast,overexpressed cFLIPS,but not overexpressed cFLIPL,inhibited the activation of caspase-8 and the release of IL-1βin response to HK bacteria infection in human monocytes.Furthermore,we demonstrated that TAK1 activity mediated the expression of cFLIPs and was upstream and essential for the caspase-8 cleavage induced by HK bacteria in human monocytes.The functional specificity of cFLIPs and TAK1 revealed unique responses of human monocytes to a noninvasive pathogen,providing novel insights into an alternative regulatory pathway of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.21874103 and 22074112)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant no.2042022kf1175)the Central Funds Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development of Shenzhen(grant no.2021Szvup101).
文摘Synthetic DNA motors have spurred considerable research interest as a way to interrogate biochemical processes that can further facilitate disease diagnosis.However,current direct sense-on-demand DNA motors are hampered by undesired signal leakage originating from their nonspecific stimulation prior to their arrival at target sites.Herein,we propose a DNAzyme-guided DNA amplification motor through the facile built-in of a stimuli-responsive DNAzyme brake to facilitate the in vivo sensitive imaging of biomarkers by minimizing the off-site signal leakage in living systems.To realize the on-site activation,the inactive DNAzyme DNA motor was encapsulated into the folate(FA)-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)/poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA)nanovesicles.The FA interaction-promoted tumor-cell-selective delivery and the pH-responsive disassembly of ZIF-8/PLGA permitted sufficient release of DNAzyme cofactors to achieve on-site stimulation of DNAzyme for restoring the temporally caged DNA amplification motor in tumor cells where the endogenous miRNA target was thus specifically and sensitively analyzed.By integration of the cellselective delivery and the site-specific stimulation,our DNAzyme-guided DNA motor can realize the reliable imaging of tumor cells and provide a new toolbox for disease diagnosis.
