Plant metabolites are dynamically modified and distributed in response to environmental changes.How-ever,it is poorly understood how metabolic change functions in plant stress responses.Maintaining ion ho-meostasis un...Plant metabolites are dynamically modified and distributed in response to environmental changes.How-ever,it is poorly understood how metabolic change functions in plant stress responses.Maintaining ion ho-meostasis under salt stress requires coordinated activation of two types of central regulators:plasma membrane(PM)H^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.In this study,we used a bioassay-guided isolation approach to identify endogenous small molecules that affect PM H^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter activities and identified phosphatidylinositol(PI),which inhibits PM H^(+)-ATPase activity under non-stress conditions in Arabidopsis by directly binding to the C terminus of the PM H^(+)-ATPase AHA2.Under salt stress,the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-to-phosphatidylinositol(PI4P-to-PI)ratio increased,and PI4P bound and activated the PM Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.PI prefers binding to the inactive form of PM H^(+)-ATPase,while PI4P tends to bind to the active form of the Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.Consistent with this,pis1 mutants,with reduced levels of PI,displayed increased PM H^(+)-ATPase activity and salt stress toler-ance,while the pi4kβ1 mutant,with reduced levels of PI4P,displayed reduced PM Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter activity and salt stress tolerance.Collectively,our results reveal that the dynamic change between PI and PI4P in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis is crucial for maintaining ion homeostasis to protect plants from un-favorable environmental conditions.展开更多
The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants again...The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.展开更多
1 Introduction Program retrieval aims to enable the flexible retrieval of program snippets based on a natural language query,significantly accelerating software development productivity.Study shows that over 60%of dev...1 Introduction Program retrieval aims to enable the flexible retrieval of program snippets based on a natural language query,significantly accelerating software development productivity.Study shows that over 60%of developers perform program retrieval daily[1].Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in deep learning-based program retrieval,which aims to construct embedding representations for program snippets and queries.However,the distribution of natural languages and programs is inconsistent,resulting in a semantic gap.The critical challenge is to bridge the semantic gap between the programming language and natural language,and accurately measure their similarity.展开更多
基金supported by grants ofrom the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31430012,31872659,32070301,U1706201,31921001,31861133005,21625201,21961142010,21661140001,91853202,and 21521003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0505200)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(BJJWZYJH01201910001001).
文摘Plant metabolites are dynamically modified and distributed in response to environmental changes.How-ever,it is poorly understood how metabolic change functions in plant stress responses.Maintaining ion ho-meostasis under salt stress requires coordinated activation of two types of central regulators:plasma membrane(PM)H^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.In this study,we used a bioassay-guided isolation approach to identify endogenous small molecules that affect PM H^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter activities and identified phosphatidylinositol(PI),which inhibits PM H^(+)-ATPase activity under non-stress conditions in Arabidopsis by directly binding to the C terminus of the PM H^(+)-ATPase AHA2.Under salt stress,the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-to-phosphatidylinositol(PI4P-to-PI)ratio increased,and PI4P bound and activated the PM Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.PI prefers binding to the inactive form of PM H^(+)-ATPase,while PI4P tends to bind to the active form of the Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter.Consistent with this,pis1 mutants,with reduced levels of PI,displayed increased PM H^(+)-ATPase activity and salt stress toler-ance,while the pi4kβ1 mutant,with reduced levels of PI4P,displayed reduced PM Na^(+)/H^(+) antiporter activity and salt stress tolerance.Collectively,our results reveal that the dynamic change between PI and PI4P in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis is crucial for maintaining ion homeostasis to protect plants from un-favorable environmental conditions.
基金This project was financially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0500501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800228 and 31571441)also partially supported by the Transgenic Research Projects(2016ZX08009-003).
文摘The Salt-Overly-Sensitive(SOS)signaling module,comprising the sodium-transport protein SOS1 and the regulatory proteins SOS2 and SOS3,is well known as the central salt excretion system,which helps protect plants against salt stress.Here we report that VPS23A,a component of the ESCRT(endosomal sorting complex required for transport),plays an essential role in the function of the SOS module in conferring plant salt tolerance.VPS23A enhances the interaction of SOS2 and SOS3.In the presence of salt stress,VPS23A positively regulates the redistribution of SOS2 to the plasma membrane,which then activates the antiporter activity of SOS1 to reduce Na+accumulation in plant cells.Genetic evidence demonstrated that plant salt tolerance achieved by the overexpression of SOS2 and SOS3 dependeds on VPS23A.Taken together,our results revealed that VPS23A is a crucial regulator of the SOS module and affects the localization of SOS2 to the cell membrane.Moreover,the strong salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings conferred by the engineered membrane-bound SOS2 revealed the significance of SOS2 sorting to the cell membrane in achieving its function,providing a potential strategy for crop salt tolerance engineering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62192733 and 62192730).
文摘1 Introduction Program retrieval aims to enable the flexible retrieval of program snippets based on a natural language query,significantly accelerating software development productivity.Study shows that over 60%of developers perform program retrieval daily[1].Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in deep learning-based program retrieval,which aims to construct embedding representations for program snippets and queries.However,the distribution of natural languages and programs is inconsistent,resulting in a semantic gap.The critical challenge is to bridge the semantic gap between the programming language and natural language,and accurately measure their similarity.
