胆汁酸驱动消化道炎癌转化及中医药防治策略

消化道肿瘤在全球肿瘤发病和死亡排行榜上多年位居前列,更是我国高发肿瘤,极大的威胁着人民的生命健康。常见消化道肿瘤包括肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、食管癌等,均为典型的炎症依赖性肿瘤,其发生过程伴随着炎症微环境的浸润及炎—癌演变过程。因此,探究炎癌转化的驱动因素及寻找能有效靶向炎症向癌症转化关键节点的干预策略,从而控制消化道肿瘤的发生是关键科学问题。作为机体重要代谢物之一的胆汁酸,除了能发挥其正常生理功能外,还能在消化道炎癌转化进程中发挥重要作用。调节胆汁酸代谢是消化道炎癌转化防治的关键环节,同时以中医肝脾理论以及肠肝轴学说为理论依据,探讨通过胆汁途径抑制消化道炎症转化的防治策略。本文就胆汁酸驱动消化道炎癌转化的具体机制以及中医药防治策略进行相关论述,并进行了分析与展望。

Anomalous{1012}tensile twinning and subsequent detwinning in a friction stir processed carbon fiber-reinforced Mg composite

1.Main text Owing to their low density and high specific strength,magnesium alloys and magnesium-based composites have great potential as structure metal materials in applications where lightweight matters[1–4].Deformation twins[5],especially the{1012}tension twins(also called tensile or extension twins)with a low critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)[6],are commonly observed in Mg alloys.They can provide the much-needed deformation along the c-axis in their hcp structure resulting from the very few easily activated slip systems in this crystal structure[7].The tensile twinning activation usually follows the macroscopic Schmid factor law[2],i.e.,the twin variant with the highest Schmid factor occurs,and it only appears when its Schmid factor is positive.

Solid polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries:From microstructures to properties

All-solid-state lithium(Li)metal batteries(ASSLMBs)are considered one of the most promising secondary batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and high safety performance.However,low room-temperature ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability are two key factors affecting the practical application of ASSLMBs,and our understanding of the mechanisms behind these key problems from microscopic perspective is still limited.In this review,the mechanisms and advanced characterization techniques of ASSLMBs are summarized to correlate the microstructures and properties.Firstly,we summarize the challenges faced by solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)in ASSLMBs,such as the low roomtemperature ionic conductivity and the poor interfacial stability.Secondly,several typical improvement methods of polymer ASSLMBs are discussed,including composite SPEs,ultra-thin SPEs,SPEs surface modification and Li anode surface modification.Finally,we conclude the characterizations for correlating the microstructures and the properties of SPEs,with emphasis on the use of emerging advanced techniques(e.g.,cryo-transmission electron microscopy)for in-depth analyzing ASSLMBs.The influence of the microstructures on the properties is very important.Until now,it has been difficult for us to understand the microstructures of batteries.However,some recent studies have demonstrated that we have a better understanding of the microstructures of batteries.Then we suggest that in situ characterization,nondestructive characterization and sub-angstrom resolution are the key technologies to help us further understand the batteries'microstructures and promote the development of batteries.And potential investigations to understand the microstructures evolution and the batteries behaviors are also prospected to expect further reasonable theoretical guidance for the design of ASSLMBs with ideal performance.

An Improved Method to an Impulsive and Delayed Discretized Model

In this paper, a discretized SIR model with pulse vaccination and time delay is proposed. We introduce two thresholds R* and R*, and further prove that the disease-free periodic solution is globally attractive if R* is less than unit and the disease can invade if R* is larger than unit. The numerical simulations not only illustrate the validity of our main results, but also exhibit bifurcation phenomenon. Our result shows that decreasing infection rate can put off the disease outbreak and reduce the number of infected individuals.

紫外光降解吲哚的研究

本文首次对吲哚溶液进行紫外光降解研究,主要考查了紫外辐射强度、pH值、羟基自由基、自由基抑制剂、水中常见无机阴离子、碱度及腐殖酸等因素对吲哚降解的影响。结果表明,紫外辐射强度、羟基自由基和碱度都会促进吲哚降解,自由基抑制剂和腐殖酸起抑制作用,而常见无机阴离子对吲哚降解影响不大。对于pH值而言,当pH ≤ 7时其影响不大,当pH >7时会加速吲哚降解。

Nanostructured strategies towards boosting organic lithium-ion batteries

Pursuing material development for next-generation batteries,organic electrode materials have shown great potential for lithium-ion batteries.However,their widespread adopting is plagued by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity,high dissolution inside electrolytes and unstable chemical peculiarity.Recently,nanostructured-strategies promoted organic electrodes with exotic properties for enhancing electron and ion transport together with the stability during electrochemical process,have received increasing attention and have been extensive applied in boosting the organic lithium-ion based energy storage.In this review,we summarize the applications of nanostructures to improve the performance of both organic anodes and cathodes,including(i)nanoscale design of zero-dimensional organic electrode materials,(ii)strategies of one-dimensional nanostructured organic electrode materials,(iii)construction of two-dimensional nanosized organic composite electrodes,and(iv)three-dimensional exploration of nanosized organic electrodes.We hope to stimulate high-quality applied research on understanding and handling the relationship between the nanostructure and performance of organic lithium-ion batteries that might speed up the commercialization of organic lithium ion batteries.

In-situ construction of a Mg-modified interface to guide uniform lithium deposition for stable all-solid-state batteries

Uniform lithium(Li)deposition in all-solid-state Li metal batteries is greatly influenced by the anode/electrolyte interface.Herein,a Mg-modified interface was constructed via the simple in-situ electrochemical reduction of Mg^(2+)from Mg(TFSI)_(2) in polyethylene oxide(PEO)and a Li bis(trifluoromethane)sulfoni mide(Li TFSI)formulae.As confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy,the anode/electrolyte interface exhibited hybrids consisting of crystalline Mg,Li_(2)O,and Li dots embedded in an amorphous polymer electrolyte.The crystalline Mg dots guided the uniform Li nucleation and growth,inducing a smoother anode/electrolyte interface compared with the pristine electrolyte.With 1 wt%Mg(TFSI)_(2) in the PEO-Li TFSI electrolyte,the Mg-modified electrolyte enabled the Li/Li symmetric cells with cycling performance of over 1700 and 1400 h at current densities of 0.1 and 0.2 m A cm^(-2),respectively.Moreover,the full LFP/Li cells using the novel Mg-modified electrolyte delivered a cycling lifespan of over 450 cycles with negligible capacity loss.

Anti-Parkinsonian Therapy:Strategies for Crossing the Blood–Brain Barrier and Nano-Biological Effects of Nanomaterials

Parkinson’s disease(PD),a neurodegenerative disease that shows a high incidence in older individuals,is becoming increasingly prevalent.Unfortunately,there is no clinical cure for PD,and novel anti-PD drugs are therefore urgently required.However,the selective permeability of the blood–brain barrier(BBB)poses a huge challenge in the development of such drugs.Fortunately,through strategies based on the physiological characteristics of the BBB and other modifications,including enhancement of BBB permeability,nanotechnology can offer a solution to this problem and facilitate drug delivery across the BBB.Although nanomaterials are often used as carriers for PD treatment,their biological activity is ignored.Several studies in recent years have shown that nanomaterials can improve PD symptoms via their own nano-bio effects.In this review,we first summarize the physiological features of the BBB and then discuss the design of appropriate brain-targeted delivery nanoplatforms for PD treatment.Subsequently,we highlight the emerging strategies for crossing the BBB and the development of novel nanomaterials with anti-PD nano-biological effects.Finally,we discuss the current challenges in nanomaterial-based PD treatment and the future trends in this field.Our review emphasizes the clinical value of nanotechnology in PD treatment based on recent patents and could guide researchers working in this area in the future.

Plant diversity in herbal tea and its traditional knowledge in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, China

Herbal teas composed of locally occurring plant species have long been used as the primary form of health care in Qingtian County,Zhejiang Province,China.However,large-scale emigration overseas and an aging population threaten the conservation of traditional knowledge of these herbal teas.Traditional knowledge about the plants used for these herbal teas is not well documented in Qingtian,despite their widespread use.The aim of this study was to assess the plant-cultural diversity of plants used as herbal teas,and to point out the prospective value of herbal teas used by Qingtian people.This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews,as well as field and market surveys.Forty-three local informants were interviewed.We recorded plant resources,plant parts used,local names,and medicinal uses.Quantitative ethnobotanical indices,including cognitive salience(CS),frequency of citation(FC),index of informant consensus(Fic)and use value(UV),were calculated to analyze the level of representativeness and relative importance of plants used in herbal teas.One hundred and twenty-nine species belonging to 75 families and 113 genera were reported to be used in herbal tea,with Compositae being the richest family.Whole plants are most commonly used to make herbal teas(66.7%).In this study,informants reported that 92.2%of plant species used in herbal teas are wild.The most utilized herbal preparation form is dry/fresh.Informants reported that herbal teas are used to treat 31 ailments.Our results show that the highest representativeness,based on CS and FC,was recorded for species Actinidia eriantha.Based on UV,the top five most used species are Goodyera schlechtendaliana,Plantago asiatica,Prunella vulgaris,Lophatherum gracile and Leonurus japonicus.The highest Fic was cited for dental medicine.This study helps document the status of current herbal teas in Qingtian.The use value and traditional knowledge of herbal teas have provided basic data for further research focused on bioactivity studies and sustainable utilization of the most important species.

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the valuable medicinal plant <i>Astragalus mongholicus</i>

Astragalus mongholicus (Fabaceae) is a perennial herb and a widely used medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) known as Radix Astragali (Huangqi). It was reported to have hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antiaging, sedative and immunopotentiating effects, and could also be used as an adjuvant medicine during cancer therapy. Until now, there is only a little research on its population genetics and no report on development of microsatellite loci for this plant. In this study, a microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library of A. mongholicus was developed and screened to identify marker loci. Ten polymorphic loci were isolated and analyzed by screening 30 individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 19, with an average of 12.3 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (HO) and the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.367 to 1.000 and from 0.395 to 0.912, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.361 to 0.888, with an average of 0.762. This is the first report on characterization of microsatellite loci for A. mongholicus, and these markers will be useful for population genetics and molecular ecology studies of this plant.

Electron-microscopical visualization on the interfacial and crystallographic structures of lithium metal anode

Lithium(Li)metal anodes(LMAs)have garnered significant attention as a potential solution for developing high-energy density batteries,given their theoretical specific capacity and redox potential.However,safety concerns and internal cycling stability issues originated from uncontrollable Li dendrite growth have impeded the practical application of LMAs.Probing the interface between Li metal and electrolyte is a crucial process that offers valuable insights into the characteristics and regularity of primary circular reactions.To illustrate the intrinsic characteristic of Li metal batteries(LMBs)in spatial and temporal,it is imperative to employ electron microscopes to characterize the structural components distribution of Li with atomic resolution.This paper summarizes the progress in the characterization and analysis of the interfaces in LMBs with electron microscopes based on the principles of electron-matter interactions.Finally,future trends and the potential of electron microscopes are also discussed to advance our understanding of LMBs.

Mechanistic insights into the processes of the initial stage of electrolyte degradation in lithium metal batteries

The lithium(Li)metal batteries(LMBs)are considered one of the most promising next-generation batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity.However,there are a couple of issues,e.g.,the serious side reactions that occurred at the solid-liquid interface between the electrolyte and Li metal anode,hindering the broad commercialization of LMBs.Thus,a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the decomposition of electrolytes is crucial to the design of LMBs.Herein,we utilize density functional theory simulations to explore the decomposition mechanism of electrolytes.The most commonly used ether electrolyte solvents,i.e.,1,2-dimethoxyethane(DME)and 1,3-dioxalane(DOL),based on suitable lithium salts,namely bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI),are chosen to model the actual situations.We explicitly demonstrate that an electron-rich environment near the interface accelerates the decomposition of electrolytes.For ether electrolytes,we show that the LiTFSI degradation path is depending on the ratio of DOL to DME.In addition,the solvation structures of lithium-ion undergo a series of transformations upon electrolyte degradation,becoming thermodynamically more favorable and having a higher reduction potential in an electron-rich environment.Our finding provides new insights into the decomposition mechanisms of electrolytes and paves the way for the rational design of high-performance LMBs.

HIV Infection and Associated Factors Among Out-of-School MSM Aged 16–24 Years—6 Cities and Tianjin Municipality,China,2022–2023

What is already known about this topic?Approximately 80%of newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)cases among individuals aged 15–24 years in China are attributed to out-ofschool youth.What is added by this report?This study presents findings on HIV prevalence and comprehensive insights into HIV service utilization,risky behaviors,and prevention knowledge among young out-of-school men who have sex with men(MSM)aged 16–24 years in China.This population exhibits a disproportionately high burden of HIV,with only 51.6%of HIV cases previously diagnosed.What are the implications for public health practice?HIV services should be expanded to include these key populations.Tailored interventions are needed to remove barriers to regular HIV services faced by young key populations.

Reviewing metal fluorides as the cathode materials for high performance Li batteries

Exploring high‐energy density rechargeable lithium(Li)batteries is urgently needed to meet the demand of the large‐scale electric vehicle market.Conversion‐type metal fluorides(MFx)have been considered as desirable cathode materials for next‐generation rechargeable batteries because of their high operational voltages,environmental non‐toxicity,low cost,and high thermal stability.In this review,we present the most promising and feasible MFx applied in rechargeable Li batteries in terms of capacity,discharge po-tential,volume change,fabricated methods,crystal structure,and cost/abun-dance.The electrochemical performance is briefly illustrated,and the recent advances in mechanisms focused on MFx cathodes upon cyclic processes are noted and discussed in detail.Finally,prospects for the current challenges and possible research directions,with the aim to provide some inspiration for the development of MFx‐based cathodes are presented.

Eligibility of C-BIOPRED severe asthma cohort for type-2 biologic therapies

To the Editor:Patients with severe persistent asthma experience greater morbidity with more impairment in quality of life despite higher use of health care resources and being treated with existing asthma treatments such as inhaled corticosteroids and b-agonists,and sometimes oral corticosteroid(OCS)therapy.Type-2(T2)high asthma has been identified as a phenotype that responds to targeted T2 biologic therapies such as anti-IgE,anti-interleukin(IL)5,or anti-IL5Ra and anti-IL4Ra monoclonal antibodies,which are currently available in Europe and North America,and are currently introduced in the rest of the world.[1]

婆婆纳属外来农田杂草生物入侵差异的关键生物学性状比较研究

婆婆纳属(Veronica)4种外来农田杂草——波斯婆婆纳(V.persica)、婆婆纳(V.didyma)、直立婆婆纳(V.arvensis)、睫毛婆婆纳(V.hederifolia)已在我国成功定植,但造成了不同的生态危害。目前,这4种外来农田杂草在不同光照条件下造成不同入侵程度的关键生物学性状尚不清楚。本研究对这4种外来物种的22个光合和繁殖性状进行了测定,同时对这些指标对其入侵水平的贡献强度进行了综合对比分析。野外调查结果表明,波斯婆婆纳的入侵水平最高,其次是婆婆纳、睫毛婆婆纳和直立婆婆纳。在这22个性状中,入侵水平的高低主要取决于它们的比叶重(光合相关参数)和不定根比例(无性繁殖性状)。而且,波斯婆婆纳能够适应较强的光照,同时也比婆婆纳属其它3个物种更耐荫。这4种外来农田杂草在不同光照条件下通过调整各器官生物量实现对光照的适应性分化,从而使得它们对作物具有不同的竞争力。由此可以推断,对光照条件的适应性和无性繁殖性状可使其成功入侵,并成为具有不同入侵程度的农田杂草。

Towards Human‑Vehicle Interaction: Driving Risk Analysis Under Different Driver Vigilance States and Driving Risk Detection Method

The driver's behavior plays a crucial role in transportation safety.It is widely acknowledged that driver vigilance is a major contributor to traffic accidents.However,the quantitative impact of driver vigilance on driving risk has yet to be fully explored.This study aims to investigate the relationship between driver vigilance and driving risk,using data recorded from 28 drivers who maintain a speed of 80 km/h on a monotonous highway for 2 hours.The k-means and linear fitting methods are used to analyze the driving risk distribution under different driver vigilance states.Additionally,this study proposes a research framework for analyzing driving risk and develops three classification models(KNN,SVM,and DNN)to recognize the driving risk status.The results show that the frequency of low-risk incidents is negatively correlated with the driver's vigilance level,whereas the frequency of moderate-risk and high-risk incidents is positively correlated with the driver's vigilance level.The DNN model performs the best,achieving an accuracy of 0.972,recall of 0.972,precision of 0.973,and f1-score of 0.972,compared to KNN and SVM.This research could serve as a valuable reference for the design of warning systems and intelligent vehicles.

Considerable molecular interactions enable robust electrochemical properties:hydrogen bonds in lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been in a dominant position in the new energy industry because of their excellent comprehensive performance.The performance of LIBs highly depends on the microstructures of the materials that constitute LIBs.Particularly,the relatively“weak”molecular interactions instead of the common-discussed strong chemical-bonding always affect the structures and the consequent properties of the components in LIBs.As a typical example,the hydrogen bonds,which widely exist inside LIBs,greatly improved the mechanical strength,lithium ion(Li^(+))transport rate and the intrinsic stabilities towards boosting performance of LIBs.This review starts from the interaction force between molecules,and especially summarizes the correlation between the formation of hydrogen bonds and the properties of the typical components in LIBs(cathode,anode,electrolyte,separator).In addition,how the formation of hydrogen bonds affects the performance of LIBs components is discussed.Finally,the strategies of combining hydrogen bonds with LIBs components in the future are prospected,which provide guidance for the rational design of high-performance LIBs.

Microstructural homogeneity and mechanical behavior of a selective laser melted Ti-35Nb alloy produced from an elemental powder mixture

Although using elemental powder mixtures may provide broad alloy selection at low cost for selective laser melting(SLM), there is still a concern on the resultant microstructural and chemical homogeneity of the produced parts. Hence, this work investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of a SLM-produced Ti-35 Nb composite(in wt%) using elemental powder. The microstructural characteristics including ? phase, undissolved Nb particles and chemical homogeneity were detailed investigated.Nanoindentation revealed the presence of relatively soft undissolved Nb particles and weak interface bonding around Nb-rich regions in as-SLMed samples. Solid-solution treatment can not only improve chemical homogeneity but also enhance bonding through grain boundary strengthening, resulting in43 % increase in tensile elongation for the heat-treated Ti-35 Nb compared to the as-SLMed counterpart. The analyses of tensile fractures and shear bands further confirmed the correlation between the different phases and the ductility of Ti-35 Nb. In particular, the weak bonding between undissolved Nb and the matrix in the as-SLMed sample reduces its ductility while the ? grains in solid-solution treated Ti-Nb alloy can induce a relatively stable plastic flow therefore better ductility. This work sheds insight into the understanding of homogenization of microstructure and phases of SLM-produced alloys from an elemental powder mixture.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Reduces D-GalN/LPS-induced Acute Liver Injury by Regulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling and NLRP3 Inflammasome

Background and Aims:The effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on D-galactosamine(D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute liver injury(ALI)is unknown.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on ALI and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:Mice were pretreated with ginsenoside Rb1 by intraperitoneal injection for 3 days before D-GalN/LPS treatment,to induce ALI.The survival rate was monitored every hour for 24 h,and serum biochemical parameters,hepatic index and histopathological analysis were evaluated to measure the degree of liver injury.ELISA was used to detect oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in hepatic tissue and serum.Immunohistochemistry staining,RT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),nuclear factorkappa B(NF-κB),and NLR family,pyrin domain-containing 3 protein(NLRP3)in liver tissue and Kupffer cells(KCs).Results:Ginsenoside Rb1 improved survival with D-GalN/LPS-induced ALI by up to 80%,significantly ameliorated the increased alanine and aspartate transaminase,restored the hepatic pathological changes and reduced the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines altered by D-GalN/LPS.Compared to the control group,the KCs were increased in the D-GalN/LPS groups but did not increase significantly with Rb1 pretreatment.D-GalN/LPS could upregulate while Rb1 pretreatment could downregulate the expression of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-18,NLRP3,apoptosis associated specklike protein containing CARD(ASC)and caspase-1 in isolated KCs.Furthermore,ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by D-GalN/LPS administration.Conclusions:Ginsenoside Rb1 protects mice against D-GalN/LPS-induced ALI by attenuating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.