阿尔茨海默病居家筛查专家共识

老年人痴呆或认知障碍多由一种以上年龄相关的常见脑部疾病所致。阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是其中最常见的神经变性疾病,且是全球前10位死因中唯一无法治愈或缺乏长期对症疗效的疾病,给个人、家庭和全球经济都带来了巨大的负担。早期及时发现和干预是对抗AD的最佳策略。在过去的30年中,许多研究都提出了降低痴呆风险的方法,2020年《柳叶刀》杂志的痴呆预防报告已阐明通过应对风险因素可以预防或延缓超过40%的痴呆。然而,目前全球医疗体系尚未具备早期或及时发现AD的足够能力。最近的一项研究发现,只有不到10%的轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是在初级医疗机构中诊断出来的。近来,抗淀粉样蛋白β(Amyloid beta,Aβ)抗体药物lecanemab和donanemab被批准上市用于早期AD治疗,以及30年的随访研究证明改善风险因素显著减少AD痴呆的发病率并延长了寿命,使得人们对AD早期识别的关注迅速增加。阿尔茨海默病防治协会(China Association for Alzheimer's Disease,CAAD)认识到居家早期和及时发现AD的重要性,并成立了一个由协会成员、临床医生和研究人员组成的全球AD多领域专家团队,就以下目标达成共识:①为个人、家庭、社区、协会和组织提供专家指导意见;②介绍用于认知障碍和痴呆居家筛查的数字工具和可用资源,并为AD高危人群或疑似患者制定下一步应对策略;③讨论现有可用或将来可能的居家筛查适宜AD生物标志物;④为未来的改进和全球应用建立可行性框架。专家组对于当前可用的证据、工具和资源进行综述,并进一步考量其在AD居家筛查中的价值。

Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction

Light-absorbing impurities on glaciers are important factors that influence glacial surface albedo and accelerate glacier melt. In this study, the quantity of light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan, Central Asia, was measured. We found that the average concentrations of black carbon was 2,180 ng/g, with a range from 250 ng/g to more than 10,000 ng/g. The average concentrations of organic carbon and mineral dust were 1,738 ng/g and 194 μg/g, respectively. Based on simulations performed with the Snow Ice Aerosol Radiative model simulations, black carbon and dust are responsible for approximately 64% and 9%, respectively, of the albedo reduction, and are associated with instantaneous radiative forcing of 323.18 W/m2(ranging from 142.16 to 619.25 W/m2) and 24.05 W/m2(ranging from 0.15 to69.77 W/m2), respectively. For different scenarios, the albedo and radiative forcing effect of black carbon is considerably greater than that of dust. The estimated radiative forcing at Keqikaer Glacier is higher than most similar values estimated by previous studies on the Tibetan Plateau, perhaps as a result of black carbon enrichment by melt scavenging. Light-absorbing impurities deposited on Keqikaer Glacier appear to mainly originate from central Asia, Siberia, western China(including the Taklimakan Desert) and parts of South Asia in summer, and from the Middle East and Central Asia in winter.A footprint analysis indicates that a large fraction(>60%) of the black carbon contributions on Keqikaer Glacier comes from anthropogenic sources. These results provide a scientific basis for regional mitigation efforts to reduce black carbon.

Estimating interaction between surface water and groundwater in a permafrost region of the northern Tibetan Plateau using heat tracing method

Understanding the interaction between groundwater and surface water in permafrost regions is essential to study flood frequencies and river water quality, especially in the high latitude/altitude basins. The application of heat tracing method,based on oscillating streambed temperature signals, is a promising geophysical method for identifying and quantifying the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Analytical analysis based on a one-dimensional convective-conductive heat transport equation combined with the fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing method was applied on a streambed of a mountainous permafrost region in the Yeniugou Basin, located in the upper Heihe River on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that low connectivity existed between the stream and groundwater in permafrost regions.The interaction between surface water and groundwater increased with the thawing of the active layer. This study demonstrates that the heat tracing method can be applied to study surface water-groundwater interaction over temporal and spatial scales in permafrost regions.

Black Carbon Size in Snow of Chinese Altai Mountain in Central Asia

Black carbon(BC)in snow plays an important role to accelerate snow melting.However,current studies mostly focused on BC concentrations,few on their size distributions in snow which affected BC’s effect on albedo changes.Here we presented refractory BC(rBC)concentrations and size distributions in snow collected from Chinese Altai Mountains in Central Asia from November 2016 to April 2017.The results revealed that the average rBC concentrations were 5.77 and2.82 ng g-1for the surface snow and sub-surface snow,which were relatively higher in the melting season(April)than that in winter(November-January).The mass median volume-equivalent diameter of rBC size in surface snow was approximately at 120-150 nm,which was typically smaller than that in the atmosphere(about 200 nm for urban atmosphere).However,there existed no specific mass median volume-equivalent diameter of BC size for sub-surface snow in winter.While during the melting season,the median mass size of rBC in sub-surface snow was similar to that in surface snow.Backward trajectories indicated that anthropogenic sourced BC dominated rBC in snow(70%-85%).This study will promote our understanding on BC size distributions in snow,and highlight the possible impact of BC size on climate effect.

Broadband Miniaturized Bandpass Filter with Circular Stubs for Compact Wireless and Mobile Communication Systems

A miniaturized square resonator bandpass filter with circular stubs is designed, fabricated, and characterized. Analytical calculations were carried out to determine the critical filter parameters and the design was optimized using a 3D electromagnetic finite-element solver. The measured results were in good agreement with the designed results. The proposed filter exhibits significant improvement in bandwidth compared to the conventional square resonator bandpass filters.

The Natural Beauty in English and Chinese Season Lyrics from the Perspective of Ecological Culture

The ecological and cultural awareness in seasonal lyrics can be seen in the comparison and analysis of the practical aspects of ecological culture construction.The importance of songs in disseminating ecological culture is self-evident.The English and Chinese lyrics about the four seasons are rich in content and the exploration space of ecological cultural factors is very large.

Teaching Research on Ideology and Politics of "New Horizon College English" proceeding from multimodality

Based on the multimodal theory,this article designs a theme teaching in one unit of college English course ideology and politics which is about”Spend or save-The student’s dilemma”.The new instructional design incorporates Mao Zedong’s quotations,Xi Jinping’s speaking and habit of saving,and celebrity saving stories in regular college English teaching,and adds three specific multimodal designs of teachers’teaching,students’learning,and teaching evaluation.Multi-modal teaching mainly performs as various modal angles other than language and pictures,practical cases in teaching design.

Lithological Facies Classification Using Attention-Based Gated Recurrent Unit

Lithological facies classification is a pivotal task in petroleum geology, underpinning reservoir characterization and influencing decision-making in exploration and production operations. Traditional classification methods, such as support vector machines and Gaussian process classifiers, often struggle with the complexity and nonlinearity of geological data, leading to suboptimal performance. Moreover, numerous prevalent approaches fail to adequately consider the inherent dependencies in the sequence of measurements from adjacent depths in a well. A novel approach leveraging an attention-based gated recurrent unit (AGRU) model is introduced in this paper to address these challenges. The AGRU model excels by exploiting the sequential nature of well-log data and capturing long-range dependencies through an attention mechanism. This model enables a flexible and context-dependent weighting of different parts of the sequence, enhancing the discernment of key features for classification. The proposed method was validated on two publicly available datasets. Results demonstrate a considerably improvement over traditional methods. Specifically, the AGRU model achieved superior performance metrics considering precision, recall, and F1-score.

微塑料和纳米塑料威胁青藏高原环境

Plastic pollution is a planetary level threat which affects Earth’s environment and ecosystems.From the poles to deep ocean basins,the growth of plastic waste has already exceeded its limits.The projected increase of plastic production and waste generation over the coming years makes the situation even more daunting.Even after stagnation in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,the global plastic production has also increased from 335 to 391 million metric tons(Mt)between 2016 and 2021(Fig.S1 online);yet currently post-consumer recycled and bio-based/attributed plastics only accounts~9%of the world’s plastic production[1].Statistically.

The First Case of Serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis and An Expanded Investigation of Healthy Carriers—Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China,2023

What is already known about this topic?Neisseria meningitidis(Nm)is a bacterial pathogen that causes meningococcal disease.Serogroups A,B,C,W,X,and Y account for the vast majority of cases.However,invasive meningococcal disease(IMD)caused by NmY is rare in China and has been reported only in Tianjin,Guangdong,Shanghai,and Hunan provinces and cities.What is added by this report?This article reports the first case of NmY:cc23 meningococcal disease in Hebei Province,confirmed by metagenomic sequencing.We also present the results of expanded surveillance in the healthy population associated with the case.What are the implications for public health practice?NmY has caused multiple case reports across China,especially in southern cities.The first report of a serogroup Y case in Hebei Province,and the carriage rate in the healthy population,reminds us to increase public health attention on Nm.The results of this study suggest that surveillance of the Nm carriage rate among healthy carriers and serogroup changes in Nm should be strengthened.

Effect of fermented total mixed rations on rumen microbial communities and serum metabolites in lambs

Background:Diet regulates rumen microbiota,which in turn affects animal health.The present study evaluated the response of rumen microbiota and the immune system of lambs to a fermented total mixed ration diet.Methods:A total of 30 lambs were assigned into two groups:a group fed an unfermented high-fiber diet(total mixed ration[TMR])and a group fed an fermented low-fiber diet(fermented TMR[FTMR]).Results:The results showed that FTMR markedly(p<0.05)increased average daily gain and dry matter intake compared to TMR.The FTMR diet increased the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 and decreased the diversity of undesirable microbiota despite stable overall microbial community diversity.Serum metabolomic analysis combined with enrichment analysis showed that serum metabolites were affected by the FTMR and metabolic pathways,and the FTMR diet significantly(p<0.05)influenced amino acid metabolism of lambs.There was a decrease in inflammatory factors in the FTMR treatment,indicating that inflammatory factors followed the same trajectory as changes in microbial community structure and function.Conclusions:Overall,the FTMR diet reduced undesirable microbiota diversity,thereby regulating host amino acid metabolism and improving immune status.

大气污染物跨境传输及其对青藏高原环境影响

青藏高原拥有独特的多圈层环境系统与生态类型,对我国乃至亚洲具有重要的生态安全屏障作用.在青藏高原开展污染物跨境传输的科学考察研究,既是地表多圈层相互作用研究的重要组成部分,也是支撑国家生态环境安全的战略需求.针对第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究的'南亚通道'关键区,结合长期站点监测和短期强化观测,本文全面综述了青藏高原大气污染物时空分布、传输过程和机理,以及污染物对气候和生态系统影响方面的新认识.从历史趋势上看,青藏高原黑碳和汞等记录,自20世纪50年代以来呈现快速上升,反映了亚洲区域大气污染物排放的快速增多.从传输过程上看,跨越喜马拉雅山的高空环流以及局地的山谷风是大气污染物跨境传输的重要途径.大气气溶胶-雪冰辐射反馈效应对青藏高原的气候变化带来一定的影响,外源污染物对青藏高原生态系统的负面影响业已凸显.未来研究中,亟待精确量化跨境污染物的输送量和影响范围,预测未来情景下污染物排放与环境健康风险的变化趋势.

SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses and cell death through caspase-8 activation

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection can lead to respiratory illness and multi-organ failure in critically ill patients.Although the virus-induced lung damage and inflammatory cytokine storm are believed to be directly associated with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)clinical manifestations,the underlying mechanisms of virus-triggered inflammatory responses are currently unknown.Here we report that SARS-CoV-2 infection activates caspase-8 to trigger cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine processing in the lung epithelial cells.The processed inflammatory cytokines are released through the virus-induced necroptosis pathway.Virus-induced apoptosis,necroptosis,and inflammation activation were also observed in the lung sections of SARS-CoV-2-infected HFH4-hACE2 transgenic mouse model,a valid model for studying SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.Furthermore,analysis of the postmortem lung sections of fatal COVID-19 patients revealed not only apoptosis and necroptosis but also massive inflammatory cell infiltration,necrotic cell debris,and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,typical of immune pathogenesis in the lung.The SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered a dual mode of cell death pathways and caspase-8-dependent inflammatory responses may lead to the lung damage in the COVID-19 patients.These discoveries might assist the development of therapeutic strategies to treat COVID-19.

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols analyzed using a multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer: A case study in Lanzhou City

Characteristics of atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols in Lanzhou City from December 2014 to November 2015 are analyzed using a multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer. Results reveal that average concentrations of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon in atmospheric aerosols at Lanzhou are 6.7 and 25.4 μg m^(-3), respectively, showing obvious seasonality (higher in winter and lower in summer). This is consistent with findings in cities of northern China. Primary organic aerosols and secondary organic aerosols respectively account for approximately 60% and 17% of carbonaceous aerosols. No significant seasonality is found for secondary organic carbon, indicating that its potential sources do not vary significantly throughout the study period. The mass absorption cross-section (MAC_(632nm)) of BC is 7.1 m^2g^(-1), slightly higher than that of immediately emitted BC. MAC values of BC at different wavelengths vary drastically; they are higher for ultraviolet and visible light (8.5–10.2 m^2g^(-1)) than for near-infrared light (4.9–5.7 m^2g^(-1)). The aerosol absorption optical depth generally declines from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet region. The values are higher in winter than in summer, thus showing there are different contributions of BC deposition in different seasons. Brown carbon (BrC) has an ?ngstr?m absorption exponent (AAE) value of approximately 2.75, which is similar to the AAE value of BrC generated by diesel combustion (2.3). The contribution of BrC to light absorption is as much as 34% at a wavelength of 635 nm. This study demonstrates that the multiwavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer can quantify absorption properties of BrC in atmospheric aerosols. This can enhance understanding of carbonaceous aerosols and provide key parameters for simulations of climate models.

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River:Concentration,sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau,further affecting the water resource supply.However,the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong(GLDD)region,the source of the Yangtze River.Therefore,the concentration,source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama(GLJM)glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017,which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting.The results showed that dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration of snowpit samples(283±200μg/L)was much lower than that of precipitation samples(624±361μg/L),indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process.In contrast,refractory black carbon(rBC)concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples(4.27±3.15μg/L)was much higher than that of precipitation samples(0.97±0.49μg/L).Similarly,DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365 nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process.In addition,it was found that both r BC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger.Therefore,rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process.Based on relationship among DOC,rBC and K^+ in precipitation,the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.

Multiple Roles of HIV-1 Capsid during the Virus Replication Cycle

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid(HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. During virion assembly, CA drives the formation of the hexameric lattice in immature viral particles, while in mature virions CA monomers assemble in cone-shaped cores surrounding the viral RNA genome and associated proteins. In addition to its functions in late stages of the viral replication cycle, CA plays key roles in a number of processes during early phases of HIV-1 infection including trafficking, uncoating, recognition by host cellular proteins and nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. As a result of efficient cooperation of CA with other viral and cellular proteins, integration of the viral genetic material into the host genome, which is an essential step for productive viral infection, successfully occurs. In this review, we will summarize available data on CA functions in HIV-1 replication, describing in detail its roles in late and early phases of the viral replication cycle.

Facile Synthesis of α-Haloketones by Aerobic Oxidation of Olefins Using KX as Nonhazardous Halogen Source

Summary of main observation and conclusion An operationally simple and safe synthesis of a-haloketones using KBr and KCI as nonhazardous halogen sources is reported.It involves an iron-catalysed reaction of alkenes with KBr/KCl using O2 as terminal oxidant under the irradiation of visible-light.This strategy avoids the risks associated with handling halo-contained electrophiles(Cl2,Br2/NCS,NBS).The process is tolerant to several functional groups,and extended to a range of substituted styrenes in up to 89%yield.A radical reaction pathway is proposed based on control experiments and spectroscopy studies.

Cryosphere as a temporal sink and source of microplastics in the Arcticregion

Microplastics(MPs)pollution has become a serious environmental issue of growing global concern due to the increasing plastic production and usage.Under climate warming,the cryosphere,defined as the part of Earth’s layer characterized by the low temperatures and the presence of frozen water,has been experiencing significant changes.The Arctic cryosphere(e.g.,sea ice,snow cover,Greenland ice sheet,permafrost)can store and release pollutants into environments,making Arctic an important temporal sink and source of MPs.Here,we summarized the distributions of MPs in Arctic snow,sea ice,seawater,rivers,and sediments,to illustrate their potential sources,transport pathways,storage and release,and possible effects in this sentinel region.Items concentrations of MPs in snow and ice varied about 1-6 orders of magnitude in different regions,which were mostly attributed to the different sampling and measurement methods,and potential sources of MPs.MPs concentrations from Arctic seawater,river/lake water,and sediments also fluctuated largely,ranging from several items of per unit to>40,000 items m^(-3),100 items m^(-3),and 10,000 items kg^(-1) dw,respectively.Arctic land snow cover can be a temporal storage of MPs,with MPs deposition flux of about(4.9-14.26)×10^(8) items km^(-2) yr^(-1).MPs transported by rivers to Arctic ocean was estimated to be approximately 8-48 ton/yr,with discharge flux of MPs at about(1.65-9.35)×10^(8) items/s.Average storage of MPs in sea ice was estimated to be about 6.1×10^(18) items,with annual release of about 5.1×10^(18) items.Atmospheric transport of MPs from long-distance terrestrial sources contributed significantly to MPs deposition in Arctic land snow cover,sea ice and oceanic surface waters.Arctic Great Rivers can flow MPs into the Arctic Ocean.Sea ice can temporally store,transport and then release MPs in the surrounded environment.Ocean currents from the Atlantic brought high concentrations of MPs into the Arctic.However,there existed large uncertainties of estimation on the storage and release of MPs in Arctic cryosphere owing to the hypothesis of average MPs concentrations.Meanwhile,representatives of MPs data across the large Arctic region should be mutually verified with in situ observations and modeling.Therefore,we suggested that systematic monitoring MPs in the Arctic cryosphere,potential threats on Arctic ecosystems,and the carbon cycle under increasing Arctic warming,are urgently needed to be studied in future.

Sink or source? Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from cryoconite holes, subglacial sediments, and proglacial river runoff during intensive glacier melting on the Tibetan Plateau

High Mountain Asia glaciers are currently ignored in the estimation of global greenhouse gas budgets (e.g., methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO_(2))). Similar to the Asian Water Tower and Third Pole, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) hosts the largest volume of glaciers outside the polar regions. These glaciers contain large reservoirs of organic carbon that can influence glacial ecosystems under rapid melting. However, no data exist on the current footprint of CH4 and CO_(2) from glaciers in the TP. Here, we report in situ observations of CH4 and CO_(2) fluxes for glacial cryoconite holes, subglacial sediments, and proglacial river runoff across the TP. Our results indicate that cryoconite holes and subglacial sediments can accelerate the export of greenhouse gasses during the melting season due to intensive glacier melting. However, to some extent, proglacial river runoff can be a significant sink of atmospheric CO_(2);this fact was not identified in previous studies. Our findings suggest that variations (source or sink) of greenhouse gasses from TP glacial basins should be considered in regional CH4 and CO_(2) budgets under climate warming.

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC)responses to viral infection are a form of antibody regulated immune responses mediated through the Fc fragment.Whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)triggered ADCC responses contributes to COVID-19 disease development is currently not well understood.To understand the potential correlation between ADCC responses and COVID-19 disease development,we analyzed the ADCC activity and neutralizing antibody response in 255 individuals ranging from asymptomatic to fatal infections over 1 year post disease.ADCC was elicited by 10 days post-infection,peaked by 11-20 days,and remained detectable until 400 days post-infection.In general,patients with severe disease had higher ADCC activities.Notably,patients who had severe disease and recovered had higher ADCC activities than patients who had severe disease and deceased.Importantly,ADCC activities were mediated by a diversity of epitopes in SARS-COV-2-infected mice and induced to comparable levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern(VOCs)(B.1.1.7,B.1.351,and P.1)as that against the D614G mutant in human patients and vaccinated mice.Our study indicates anti-SARS-CoV-2 ADCC as a major trait of COVID-19 patients with various conditions,which can be applied to estimate the extra-neutralization level against COVID-19,especially lethal COVID-19.