Multi-scale Incremental Analysis Update Scheme and Its Application to Typhoon Mangkhut(2018)Prediction

In the traditional incremental analysis update(IAU)process,all analysis increments are treated as constant forcing in a model’s prognostic equations over a certain time window.This approach effectively reduces high-frequency oscillations introduced by data assimilation.However,as different scales of increments have unique evolutionary speeds and life histories in a numerical model,the traditional IAU scheme cannot fully meet the requirements of short-term forecasting for the damping of high-frequency noise and may even cause systematic drifts.Therefore,a multi-scale IAU scheme is proposed in this paper.Analysis increments were divided into different scale parts using a spatial filtering technique.For each scale increment,the optimal relaxation time in the IAU scheme was determined by the skill of the forecasting results.Finally,different scales of analysis increments were added to the model integration during their optimal relaxation time.The multi-scale IAU scheme can effectively reduce the noise and further improve the balance between large-scale and small-scale increments in the model initialization stage.To evaluate its performance,several numerical experiments were conducted to simulate the path and intensity of Typhoon Mangkhut(2018)and showed that:(1)the multi-scale IAU scheme had an obvious effect on noise control at the initial stage of data assimilation;(2)the optimal relaxation time for large-scale and small-scale increments was estimated as 6 h and 3 h,respectively;(3)the forecast performance of the multi-scale IAU scheme in the prediction of Typhoon Mangkhut(2018)was better than that of the traditional IAU scheme.The results demonstrate the superiority of the multi-scale IAU scheme.

Treatment with β-sitosterol ameliorates the effects of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing cholesterol overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis

β-Sitosterol is a type of phytosterol that occurs naturally in plants.Previous studies have shown that it has anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,and anti-tumor effects,but it is unknown whetherβ-sitosterol treatment reduces the effects of ischemic stroke.Here we found that,in a mouse model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion,β-sitosterol reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and brain edema,reduced neuronal apoptosis in brain tissue,and alleviated neurological dysfunction;moreover,β-sitosterol increased the activity of oxygen-and glucose-deprived cerebral cortex neurons and reduced apoptosis.Further investigation showed that the neuroprotective effects ofβ-sitosterol may be related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by intracellular cholesterol accumulation after ischemic stroke.In addition,β-sitosterol showed high affinity for NPC1L1,a key transporter of cholesterol,and antagonized its activity.In conclusion,β-sitosterol may help treat ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuronal intracellular cholesterol overload/endoplasmic reticulum stress/apoptosis signaling pathways.

Theoretical investigation of electron-impact ionization of W8+ion

The electron-impact single ionization cross section for W8+ion has been calculated using flexible atomic code,employing the level-to-level distorted-wave approximation.This calculations takes into account contributions form both direct ionization(DI)and excitation autoionization(EA).However,the theoretical predictions,based solely on the ground state,tends to underestimate the experimental values.This discrepancy can be mitigated by incorporation contributions from excited states.We extended the theoretical analysis,including the contributions from the long-lived metastable states with lifetimes exceeding 1.5×10-5 s.We employed two statistical models to predict the fraction of ground state ions in the parent ion beam.Assuming a 79%fraction of parent ions in ground configuration,the experiment measurements align with the predictions.Furthermore we derived the theoretical cross-section for the ground state as correlated plasma rate coefficients,and compared it with existing data.Despite the uncertainty in our calculations,our results are still acceptable.

Experimental investigation and theoretical modeling on scale behaviors of high salinity wastewater in zero liquid discharge process of coal chemical industry

Zero liquid discharge(ZLD)treatment and reuse equipment of high salinity wastewater in coal-chemical industry often occur in various types of blockage problems because of high salt content,affecting the long-term stability of the device.In this study,the effects of solution temperature,steel,reaction time and wall roughness on fouling were investigated.The changes in the contents of fouling and fouling substances were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by XRD and EDS respectively,and the formation of scale was observed by SEM.The results show that with temperature increasing,Q235 steel is the most difficult to scale.Scaling rate of all salt scales reaches a maximum after 12 h,and the fouling rate decreases significantly from 12 to 48 h.It gradually stabilizes at 48 to 96 h.With the roughness increasing,the thickness of fouling layer increases,and a linear relationship is presented for 1 to 10 h.By comparing actual and simulated wastewater scaling rates,the relationship between actual and simulated wastewater scaling rates is y=ax-0.494.The composition of the scale was analyzed,calcium carbonate is the main product and increases with fouling time.Based on the above-mentioned results combining literatures,the hybrid prediction model with calcium carbonate as the main product is put forward.It is discussed microscopically that calcium carbonate is converted from aragonite and vaterite in a thermodynamically metastable state to calcite in a thermodynamically stable state.

Fouling characteristics of 90° elbow in high salinity wastewater from coal chemical industry

Due to the high salt content of coal chemical wastewater,pipeline fouling often occurs during wastewater treatment.Fouling will cause the diameter of the pipe to shrink or even block,which is not conducive to the safe and stable operation of the wastewater treatment process.In this paper,the experimental device was designed by using FLUENT software and the fouling deposition mechanisms at different flow velocities and different positions in a 90 deg bend were studied.The experimental results show that when the flow velocity is between 0.2 m·s^(-1) and 0.3 m·s^(-1),the thickness of fouling layer was positively correlated with the flow velocity;when the flow velocity is equal to 0.4 m·s^(-1),the formation of fouling is the most serious;when the flow velocity is between 0.4 m·s^(-1) and 0.7 m·s^(-1),the thickness of fouling layer was negative correlation with the flow velocity;with the increase of inlet velocity,the time for sediment point to develop into sediment surface is shortened.The fouling layer is easy to fall off because of the large shear force on the wall surface of the inner bend of the 90°elbow,so the density of sediment at this position is high.

Multiple Auger Decay Following Xe+(4p3^(−1)/2)Ionization

The Auger decay for the many-electron Xe+(4p3^(−1)/2)state is studied in detail,using multistep approaches.It is found that the single Auger decay channels are primarily Coster–Kronig processes,which is in accord with other theoretical and experimental results.The double and triple Auger decays result primarily from cascade processes,i.e.,the sequential two-step and three-step Auger decay,and as such,the contributions from direct processes can be neglected.Level-to-level rates for single,double,and triple decays are obtained,based on which comprehensive Auger electron spectra and ion yields are obtained.Our decay paths and Auger electron spectra are in agreement with the experimental analysis[Hikosaka et al.,Phys.Rev.A 76(2007)032708],and our ion yield ratios(Xe^(2+):Xe^(3+):Xe^(4+)=4.6:87.0:8.4)are also in line with their values(5.0:86.0:9.0).However,with respect to the ion yield ratios,a discrepancy still remains among the experimental and theoretical results.Taking into account the complexity of Xe’s electronic structure,further,more detailed experiments are still required.

Screening of Extraction Methods for Protein from Potato Tubers

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen different extraction methods for protein from potato tubers.[Methods]The bud eye,lateral and pith parts of Qingshu 168 and Kexin 1 were used as test materials,and were extracted by acetone extraction,trichloroacetic acid(TCA)extraction,salt extraction,alcohol extraction and phenol extraction,respectively.The protein contents of different parts were determined by spectrophotometry.A 2-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of varieties,extraction methods,sampling parts and combinations of different factors on protein content.[Results]The protein contents of different varieties were different,and Qingshu 168 was significantly higher than Kexin 1(P<0.05),reaching 128.0 mg/L.The protein contents obtained by different extraction methods were different.Acetone extraction,salt extraction and TCA extraction showed no significant differences in the protein content,but they were significantly higher than phenol extraction and alcohol extraction(P<0.05).The protein contents obtained by the former three were in the range of153.3-159.7 mg/L.The protein content in the bud eye part of potato tubers was significantly higher than those in the lateral and pith parts(P<0.05),reaching140.7 mg/L.There were significant differences among different combinations of varieties,extraction methods and sampling parts(P<0.05).The comprehensive comparison showed that the salt extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Qingshu 168,and the TCA extraction method was suitable for the bud eye part of Kexin No.1.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for potato protein extraction and further research.

High-performance UV-vis photodetectors based on electrospun ZnO nanofiber-solution processed perovskite hybrid structures

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have been demonstrated as promising candidates for broadband-responsive photodetectors. It is critical to develop perovskite-based photodetectors with excellent photodetection capability and facile fabrication processes for practical application. Herein, we designed and fabricated, for the first time, a hybrid photodetector consisting of electrospun ZnO nanofibers and perovskites. Compared to pristine ZnO or perovskite, the hybrid photodetector showed increased on-off ratio, faster response speed, and higher responsivity and detectivity. The performance of the hybrid devices was significantly enhanced by using quasi-aligned ZnO nanofiber arrays instead of disordered nanofibers, which provide efficient charge transfer between the perovskite and ZnO, shorter transmission paths, and reduced carrier loss at cross-junctions of nanofibers. Our results provide a new and promising route to integrate inorganic functional materials with perovskite for high-performance and low-cost photodetectors.

La_(2)O_(3)-promoted Ni/H-ZSM-5 catalyzed aqueous-phase guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation to cyclohexanol

Hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)of renewable lignin-derived biomass in aqueous-phase to produce high value-added products is of great significance.However,developing new catalysts with high activity and excellent stability in an aqueous phase faces considerable challenges.Rare earth doping can effectively regulate the water exchange rate constant(WERC)value of the catalyst and play an important role in promoting the hydrolysis of ether bonds.Therefore,in this paper the bimetallic supported catalyst Ni-La_(2)O_(3)/H-ZSM-5 doped with rare earth metal La_(2)O_(3)was prepared,and used to catalyze the conversion of the lignin model co mpound guaiacol to cyclohexanol in the aqueous phase.The co nversion of guaiacol catalyzed by 10Ni-3La_(2)O_(3)/H-ZSM-5 reaches 100%,and the selectivity of the product cyclohexanol is 85%.A series of characterizations illustrate that the doping of La_(2)O_(3)causes the electron transfer between La_(2)O_(3)-Ni and changes the distribution of Ni,and a strong metal carrier interaction occurs between the bimetallic Ni-La_(2)O_(3)and H-ZSM-5.This can effectively promote the hydrolysis of the C-O ether bond in guaiacol and significantly improve the activity of the catalyst.The possible catalytic reaction mechanism of Ni-La_(2)O_(3)/H-ZSM-5 catalytic conversion of guaiacol was proposed.

Efficient perovskite solar cells based on novel three-dimensional TiO2 network architectures

典型地，使用 TiO 2 nanoparticle 为电子运输小径和 perovskite 免职作为脚手架拍摄的 Mesoscopic 铅卤化物 perovskite 太阳能电池。这里，我们证明胀大导致 mesoporous 块共聚物能是为由联合原子层免职技术生产三维的 TiO 2 网络的模板。厚度可调节的 TiO 2 网络是为有效 perovskite 太阳能电池的优秀其他的支架材料。我们用这的最好表现的房间一 270 ? 厚模板完成了的 nm 12.5 的高效率 ? 有是的太古的 poly-3-hexylthiophene 的 % 洞运输材料。高效在接口被归因于直接运输小径和脚手架，小漏水流和大部分减少的再结合率的高吸收。结果证明 TiO 2 网络建筑学是为 mesoscopic perovskite 太阳能电池的有希望的脚手架。