The construction of dams for intercepting and storing water has altered surface water distributions, landsea water exchanges, and the load response of the solid Earth. The lack of accurate estimation of reservoir prop...The construction of dams for intercepting and storing water has altered surface water distributions, landsea water exchanges, and the load response of the solid Earth. The lack of accurate estimation of reservoir properties through the land surface and hydrological models can lead to water storage simulation and extraction errors. This impact is particularly evident in many artificial reservoirs in China. The study aims to comprehensively assess the spatiotemporal distribution and trends of water storage in medium and large reservoirs(MLRs) in Chinese mainland during 1950-2016, and to investigate the gravity,displacement, and strain effects induced by the reservoir mass concentration using the load elasticity theory. In addition, the impoundment contributions of MLRs to the relative sea level changes were assessed using a sea-level equation. The results show impoundment increases in the MLRs during1950-2016, particularly in the Yangtze River(Changjiang) and southern basins, causing significant elastic load effects in the surrounding areas of the reservoirs and increasing the relative sea level in China's offshore. However, long-term groundwater estimation trends are overestimated and underestimated in the Yangtze River and southwestern basins, respectively, due to the neglect of the MLRs impacts or the uncertainty of the hydrological model's output(e.g., soil moisture, etc.). The construction of MLRs may reduce the water mass input from land to the ocean, thus slowing global sea level rise. The results of the impact of human activities on the regional water cycle provide important references and data support for improving the integration of hydrological models, evaluating Earth's viscoelastic responses under longterm reservoir storage, enhancing in-situ and satellite geodetic measurements, and identifying the main factors driving sea level changes.展开更多
Modern geodetic technologies,including high-precision ground-based gravity measurements,satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(I...Modern geodetic technologies,including high-precision ground-based gravity measurements,satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR),offer a wealth of observations for monitoring global hydrological processes with exceptional accuracy and spatio-temporal resolutions.Mass redistribution and Earth’s surface deformation over land related to global and regional water cycling can be inferred from modern gravimetry,altimetry,GNSS,and InSAR techniques.Hydrogeodesy becomes an emerging field of geodesy aiming to analyze the changes of water in the Earth system.The paper introduces the China’s advances in hydrogeodesy in recent years.It brings together multiple geodetic teams’work from China,showcasing the application of modern geodetic technologies in the field of hydrology,including research on terrestrial water storage,groundwater storage,glaciers/ice sheets,and reservoir water storage.展开更多
Five hybrid tetrapeptides,each consisting a central dipeptide segment ofα-amino acid residues flanked by two aromaticγ-amino acid residues,are found to fold into well-definedβ-hairpin conformations as shown by NMR,...Five hybrid tetrapeptides,each consisting a central dipeptide segment ofα-amino acid residues flanked by two aromaticγ-amino acid residues,are found to fold into well-definedβ-hairpin conformations as shown by NMR,computational study,and X-ray structures.The turn loop of thisβ-hairpin motif accommodates different two-residueα-amino acid sequences from the highly flexible Gly-Gly,to the more restricted D-Pro-Gly.The presence ofα-amino acid side chains enhances the stabilities of theβ-hairpins with the exception of D-Pro-Gly-which results in destabilization.Based on this hairpin/turn motif,a variety of different dipeptide sequences ofα-amino acids which rarely occur inβ-turns can be introduced and presented as two-residue loops.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42274110 and 42374106)long-term monitoring project in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41874090 and 41504065)。
文摘The construction of dams for intercepting and storing water has altered surface water distributions, landsea water exchanges, and the load response of the solid Earth. The lack of accurate estimation of reservoir properties through the land surface and hydrological models can lead to water storage simulation and extraction errors. This impact is particularly evident in many artificial reservoirs in China. The study aims to comprehensively assess the spatiotemporal distribution and trends of water storage in medium and large reservoirs(MLRs) in Chinese mainland during 1950-2016, and to investigate the gravity,displacement, and strain effects induced by the reservoir mass concentration using the load elasticity theory. In addition, the impoundment contributions of MLRs to the relative sea level changes were assessed using a sea-level equation. The results show impoundment increases in the MLRs during1950-2016, particularly in the Yangtze River(Changjiang) and southern basins, causing significant elastic load effects in the surrounding areas of the reservoirs and increasing the relative sea level in China's offshore. However, long-term groundwater estimation trends are overestimated and underestimated in the Yangtze River and southwestern basins, respectively, due to the neglect of the MLRs impacts or the uncertainty of the hydrological model's output(e.g., soil moisture, etc.). The construction of MLRs may reduce the water mass input from land to the ocean, thus slowing global sea level rise. The results of the impact of human activities on the regional water cycle provide important references and data support for improving the integration of hydrological models, evaluating Earth's viscoelastic responses under longterm reservoir storage, enhancing in-situ and satellite geodetic measurements, and identifying the main factors driving sea level changes.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42061134010)。
文摘Modern geodetic technologies,including high-precision ground-based gravity measurements,satellite gravimetry,satellite altimetry,Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR),offer a wealth of observations for monitoring global hydrological processes with exceptional accuracy and spatio-temporal resolutions.Mass redistribution and Earth’s surface deformation over land related to global and regional water cycling can be inferred from modern gravimetry,altimetry,GNSS,and InSAR techniques.Hydrogeodesy becomes an emerging field of geodesy aiming to analyze the changes of water in the Earth system.The paper introduces the China’s advances in hydrogeodesy in recent years.It brings together multiple geodetic teams’work from China,showcasing the application of modern geodetic technologies in the field of hydrology,including research on terrestrial water storage,groundwater storage,glaciers/ice sheets,and reservoir water storage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21778012 to Z.L.Lu,21801020 to R.Liu)the American Chemical Society–Petroleum Research Fund(PRF#58364-ND7,to B.Gong)+1 种基金the Center for Computational Research(CCR)(to D.P.Miller and E.Zurek)Hofstra University(to D.P.Miller)。
文摘Five hybrid tetrapeptides,each consisting a central dipeptide segment ofα-amino acid residues flanked by two aromaticγ-amino acid residues,are found to fold into well-definedβ-hairpin conformations as shown by NMR,computational study,and X-ray structures.The turn loop of thisβ-hairpin motif accommodates different two-residueα-amino acid sequences from the highly flexible Gly-Gly,to the more restricted D-Pro-Gly.The presence ofα-amino acid side chains enhances the stabilities of theβ-hairpins with the exception of D-Pro-Gly-which results in destabilization.Based on this hairpin/turn motif,a variety of different dipeptide sequences ofα-amino acids which rarely occur inβ-turns can be introduced and presented as two-residue loops.
