Modeling heterogeneous behaviors with different strategies in a terrorist attack

Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.

The electrochemical characteristics of AB_(4)-type rare earth-Mg-Ni-based superlattice structure hydrogen storage alloys for nickel metal hydride battery

Rare earth-Mg-Ni-based alloys with superlattice structures are new generation negative electrode materials for the nickel metal hydride batteries.Among them,the novel AB_(4)-type superlattice structure alloy is supposed to have superior cycling stability and rate capability.Yet its preparation is hindered by the crucial requirement of temperature and the special composition which is close to the other superlattice structure.Here,we prepare rare earth-Mg-Ni-based alloy and study the phase transformation of alloys to make clear the formation of AB_(4)-type phase.It is found Pr_(5)Co_(19)-type phase is converted from Ce_(5)Co_(19)-type phase and shows good stability at higher temperature compared to the Ce_(5)Co_(19)-type phase in the range of 930-970℃.Afterwards,with further 5℃increasing,AB_(4)-type superlattice structure forms at a temperature of 975℃by consuming Pr_(5)Co_(19)-type phase.In contrast with A_(5)B_(19)-type alloy,AB_(4)-type alloy has superior rate capability owing to the dominant advantages of charge transfer and hydrogen diffusion.Besides,AB_(4)-type alloy shows long lifespan whose capacity retention rates are 89.2%at the 100;cycle and 82.8%at the 200;cycle,respectively.AB_(4)-type alloy delivers 1.53 wt.%hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature and exhibits higher plateau pressure than Pr_(5)Co_(19)-type alloy.The work provides novel AB_(4)-type alloy with preferable electrochemical performance as negative electrode material to inspire the development of nickel metal hydride batteries.

锂金属电池中的复合负极

锂金属具有理论比容量高、电位低等优点,被认为是电极中的“圣杯”。然而,锂金属负极在循环过程当中存在着不可控的枝晶生长、体积膨胀等问题,严重地阻碍了锂金属电池的商业化进程。本综述首先概述了锂枝晶的形成机理,然后对由小及大,自内而外,总结了近年来三种不同层次的锂金属电池复合负极:锂金属负极内部结构的复合、锂金属电池内部结构的复合以及锂金属电池内部环境与外界操作条件的复合。最后,本综述对未来多层次锂金属电池复合负极的前景做出了展望。

Thermal desorption characteristic of helium ion irradiated nickel-base alloy

The nickel-base alloy is one of the leading candidate materials for generation IV nuclear reactor pressure vessel.To evaluate its stability of helium damage and retention,helium ions with different energy of 80 keV and 180 keV were introduced by ion implantation to a certain dose(peak displacement damage 1-10 dpa).Then thermal desorption spectroscopy(TDS)of helium atoms was performed to discuss the helium desorption characteristic and trapping sites.The desorption peaks shift to a lower temperature with increasing dpa for both 80 keV and 180 keV irradiation,reflecting the reduced diffusion activation energy and faster diffusion within the alloy.The main release peak temperature of 180 keV helium injection is relatively higher than that of 80 keV at the same influence,which is because the irradiation damage of 180 keV,helium formation and entrapment occur deeper.The broadening of the spectra corresponds to different helium trapping sites(He-vacancies,grain boundary)and desorption mechanisms(different Hen Vm size).The helium retention amount of 80 keV is lower than that of 180 keV,and a saturation limit associated with the irradiation of 80 keV has been reached.The relatively low helium retention proves the better resistance to helium bubbles formation and helium brittleness.

Revealing the solid electrolyte interface on calcium metal anodes

Owing to its low potential, crustal abundances and environmental friendliness, calcium metal anode(CMA) is emerging as a powerful contender in post-lithium era. However, the passivation of CMA fatally hinders its development. Recently, several feasible electrolytes have been developed. Nevertheless, as a pivotal part, the solid electrolyte interface(SEI) formed on CMA has not been paid enough attention to. In this review, based on the passivation mechanism of CMA, the favorable composition of SEI is emphasized with the corresponding electrolytes. It is considered that boron-containing and organic–inorganic hybrid SEI might be preferred. By comparing electrolytes and SEI on CMA with lithium and magnesium metal anodes, the root causes of CMA passivation are further elaborated, enlightening rational design rules of suitable SEI. Furthermore, some noteworthy details when assembling secondary calcium metal batteries(CMBs) are put forward. It is expected that deeper understanding of SEI on CMA will promote the development of CMBs.

Collective decision-making and spatial patterns in orientation of an endemic ungulate on the Tibetan Plateau

Group living animals form striking aggregation patterns and display synchronization,polarization,and collective intelligence.Though many col-lective behavioral studies have been conducted on small animals like insects and fish,research on large animals is still rare due to the limited availability of field collective data.We used drones to record videos and analyzed the decision-making and behavioral spatial patterns in orienta-tion of Kiang(Tibetan wild ass,Equus kiang).Leadership is unevenly distributed among Kiang,with the minority initiating majority behavior-shift decisions.Decisions of individual to join are driven by imitation between group members,and are largely dependent on the number of members who have already joined.Kiang respond to the behavior and position of neighbors through different strategies.They strongly polarize when moving,therefore adopting a linear alignment.When vigilant,orientation deviation increases as they form a tighter group.They remain scattered while feeding and,in that context,adopt a side-by-side alignment.This study reveals partially-shared decision-making among Kiang,whereby copying neighbors provides the wisdom to thrive in harsh conditions.This study also suggests that animals'spatial patterns in orientation depend largely ontheirbehavioral states inachieving synchronization.

Degradation of metoprolol by UV/sulfite as an advanced oxidation or reduction process:The significant role of oxygen

The degradation of metoprolol(MTP)by the UV/sulfite with oxygen as an advanced reduction process(ARP)and that without oxygen as an advanced oxidation process(AOP)was comparatively studied herein.The degradation of MTP by both processes followed the first-order rate law with comparable reaction rate constants of 1.50×10^(-3)sec^(−1)and 1.20×10^(-3)sec^(−1),respectively.Scavenging experiments demonstrated that both e^(−)_(aq)and H·played a crucial role in MTP degradation by the UV/sulfite as an ARP,while SO_(4)^(·−)was the dominant oxidant in the UV/sulfite AOP.The degradation kinetics of MTP by the UV/sulfite as an ARP and AOP shared a similar pH dependence with a minimum rate obtained around pH 8.The results could be well explained by the pH impacts on the MTP speciation and sulfite species.Totally six transformation products(TPs)were identified from MTP degradation by the UV/sulfite ARP,and two additional ones were detected in the UV/sulfite AOP.The benzene ring and ether groups of MTP were proposed as the major reactive sites for both processes based on molecular orbital calculations by density functional theory(DFT).The similar degradation products of MTP by the UV/sulfite process as an ARP and AOP indicated that e^(−)_(aq)/H·and SO_(4)^(·−)might share similar reaction mechanisms,primarily including hydroxylation,dealkylation,and H abstraction.The toxicity of MTP solution treated by the UV/sulfite AOP was calculated to be higher than that in the ARP by the Ecological Struc-ture Activity Relationships(ECOSAR)software,due to the accumulation of TPs with higher toxicity.

Covalent stabilization of DNA nanostructures on cell membranes for efficient surface receptor-mediated labeling and function regulations

One major challenge of using DNA nanostructures for cellular and in vivo applications is their insufficiently structural integrity that stems from the non-covalent base pairing and stacking in complex cellular and physiological environment. The establishment of covalent bonds in DNA nanostructures can link individual strands more stably and therefore should improve the performance of DNA nanostructures in different scenarios where structural integrity is required. Here, we developed a convenient and effective method for constructing covalently stabilized DNA nanostructures by chemically inserting photo-crosslinker(^(CNV)K) in DNA sequences. These covalently linked DNA nanostructures were found to be more resistant to external interference, such as low cation concentrations and unspecific displacement on cell membranes. We also demonstrated that our strategy could improve the efficiency of cell surface receptor-mediated labeling and function regulations in living cells, which sheds light on broadening the biomedical applications of DNA nanostructures.

The group size effect and synchronization of vigilance in the Tibetan wild ass

Vigilance behavior is considered as an effective strategy for prey species to detect predators.An individual benefits from living in a group by reducing the time spent being vigilant without affecting the probability of detecting a predator.However,the mechanism producing a decrease in vigilance with increasing group size is unclear.Many models of vigilance assume that group members scan independently of one another.Yet in recent studies,the other 2 patterns of vigilance,coordination and synchronization,were reported in some species.In 2 summers(2018 and 2019),we studied the group-size effect on vigilance and foraging of Tibetan wild ass in Chang Tang Nature Reserve of Tibet.We also tested whether individuals scan the environment independently,tend to coordinate their scans,or tend to synchronize their vigilance.The results showed that individuals decreased the time spent on vigilance with increasing group size,while increased the time spent foraging.Group members scanned the environment at the same time more frequently and there was a positive correlation between group members'behaviors,indicating that Tibetan wild asses tend to synchronize their vigilance.