Restriction of iron loading into developing seeds by a YABBY transcription factor safeguards successful reproduction in Arabidopsis

Iron(Fe)storage in plant seeds is not only necessary for seedling establishment following germination but is also a major source of dietary Fe for humans and other animals.Accumulation of Fe in seeds is known to be low during early seed development.However,the underlying mechanism and biological significance remain elusive.Here,we show that reduced expression of Arabidopsis YABBY transcription factor INNER NO OUTER(INO)increases embryonic Fe accumulation,while transgenic overexpression of INO results in the opposite effect.INO is highly expressed during early seed development,and decreased INO expression increases the expression of NATURAL RESISTANCE-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGE PROTEIN 1(NRAMP1),which encodes a transporter that contributes to seed Fe loading.The relatively high embryonic Fe accumulation conferred by decreased INO expression is rescued by the nramp1 loss-of-function mutation.We further demonstrated that INO represses NRAMP1 expression by binding to NRAMP1-specific promoter region.Interestingly,we found that excessive Fe loading into developing seeds of ino mutants results in greater oxidative damage,leading to increased cell death and seed abortion,a phenotype that can be rescued by the nramp1 mutation.Taken together,these results indicate that INO plays an important role in safeguarding reproduction by reducing Fe loading into developing seeds by repressing NRAMP1 expression.

RING-box proteins regulate leaf senescence and stomatal closure via repression of ABA transporter gene ABCG40

Plant hormone abscisic acid(ABA)plays an indispensable role in the control of leaf senescence,during which ABA signaling depends on its biosynthesis.Nevertheless,the role of ABA transport in leaf senescence remains unknown.Here,we identified two novel RING-box protein-encoding genes UBIQUITIN LIGASE of SENESCENCE 1 and2(ULS1 and ULS2)involved in leaf senescence.Lack of ULS1 and ULS2 accelerates leaf senescence,which is specifically promoted by ABA treatment.Furthermore,the expression of senescence-related genes is significantly affected in mature leaves of uls1/uls2 double mutant(versus wild type(WT))in an ABA-dependent manner,and the ABA content is substantially increased.ULS1 and ULS2 are mainly expressed in the guard cells and aging leaves,and the expression is induced by ABA.Further RNA-seq and quantitative proteomics of ubiquitination reveal that ABA transporter ABCG40 is highly expressed in uls1/uls2 mutant versus WT,though it is not the direct target of ULS1/2.Finally,we show that the acceleration of leaf senescence,the increase of leaf ABA content,and the promotion of stomatal closure in uls1/usl2 mutant are suppressed by abcg40 loss-of-function mutation.These results indicate that ULS1 and ULS2 function in feedback inhibition of ABCG40-dependent ABA transport during ABA-induced leaf senescence and stomatal closure.