A refined Monte Carlo code for low-energy electron emission from gold material irradiated with sub-keV electrons

Considering the significance of low-energy electrons(LEEs;0–20 eV) in radiobiology, the sensitization potential of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) as high-flux LEE emitters when irradiated with sub-keV electrons has been suggested. In this study, a track-structure Monte Carlo simulation code using the dielectric theory was developed to simulate the transport of electrons below 50 keV in gold. In this code, modifications, particularly for elastic scattering, are implemented for a more precise description of the LEE emission in secondary electron emission. This code was validated using the secondary electron yield and backscattering coefficient. To ensure dosimetry accuracy, we further verified the code for energy deposition calculations using the Monte Carlo toolkit, Geant4. The development of this code provides a basis for future studies regarding the role of AuNPs in targeted radionuclide radiotherapy.

Effect of Cr/Mn segregation on pearlite–martensite banded structure of high carbon bearing steel

The effect of Cr/Mn segregation on the abnormal banded structure of high carbon bearing steel was studied by reheating and hot rolling.With the use of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and electron probe microanalyzer, the segregation characteristics of alloying elements in cast billet and their relationship with hot-rolled plate banded structure were revealed.The formation causes of an abnormal banded structure and the elimination methods were analyzed.Results indicate the serious positive segregation of C, Cr, and Mn alloy elements in the billet.Even distribution of Cr/Mn elements could not be achieved after 10 h of heat preservation at 1200℃, and the spacing of the element aggregation area increased, but the segregation index of alloy elements decreased.Obvious alloying element segregation characteristics are present in the banded structure of the hot-rolled plate.This distinct white band is composed of martensitic phases.The formation of this abnormal pearlite–martensite banded structure is due to the interaction between the undercooled austenite transformation behavior of hot-rolled metal and the segregation of its alloying elements.Under the air cooling after rolling, controlling the segregation index of alloy elements can reduce or eliminate the abnormal banded structure.

A novel hybrid thermodynamic model for pore size distribution characterisation for shale

Scholars often see the gas adsorption technique as a straight-to-interpret technique and adopt the pore size distribution(PSD)given by the gas adsorption technique directly to interpret pore-structure-related issues.The oversimplification of interpreting shale PSD based on monogeometric thermodynamic models leads to apparent bias to the realistic pore network.This work aims at establishing a novel thermodynamic model for shale PSD interpretation.We simplified the pore space into two geometric types—cylinder-shaped and slit-shaped.Firstly,Low-temperature Nitrogen Adsorption data were analyzed utilizing two monogeometric models(cylindrical and slit)to generate PSD_(cyl).and PSD_(slit);Secondly,pore geometric segmentation was carried out using Watershed by flooding on typical SEM images to obtain the ratio of slit-shaped(∅_(s))and cylinder-shaped pores(∅_(c)).Combining the results of the two,we proposed a novel hybrid model.We performed pyrolysis,XRD,FE-SEM observation,quantitative comparison with the results obtained by the DFT model,and fractal analysis to discuss the validity of the obtained PSD_(Hybrid).The results showed that:the hybrid model proposed in this work could better reflect the real geometry of pore space and provide a more realistic PSD;compared with thermodynamic monogeometric models,PSD obtained from the hybrid model are closer to that from the DFT model,with an improvement in the deviation from the DFT model from 5.06%to 68.88%.The proposed hybrid model has essential application prospects for better interpretation of shale pore space.It is also worth noting that we suggest applying the proposed hybrid model for PSD analysis in the range of 5-100 nm.

Passive source localization using importance sampling based on TOA and FOA measurements

最大似然类的无源定位方法可以达到较高的定位精度,但其计算量非常大。由于时频参数联合定位模型本身的非线性和非凸性非常大,繁重的计算量在TOA与FOA联合定位系统中表现尤为明显。本文针对这一问题,通过Pincus全局最优理论和蒙特卡洛重要性采样技术降低了最大似然类定位算法的计算复杂度,并且保证算法可以收敛到全局最优解。本文主要的贡献是构建了一个高斯分布的概率密度函数来近似原始的代价函数方便后续的采样,我们称之为重要性函数。该方法所带来性能上的提升是因为选择了最优的重要性函数并且Pincus保证算法收敛到全局最小值。这一处理大大降低了计算量,由于算法进行了泰勒级数展开,需要初始估计值。通过采样处理并且对样本进行加权,本文算法对初始估计值具有良好的鲁棒性。最后,实验证明本文所提算法可以达到克拉美罗限,且性能要优于现有算法。

Towards Interpretable Defense Against Adversarial Attacks via Causal Inference

Deep learning-based models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Defense against adversarial attacks is essential for sensitive and safety-critical scenarios. However, deep learning methods still lack effective and efficient defense mechanisms against adversarial attacks. Most of the existing methods are just stopgaps for specific adversarial samples. The main obstacle is that how adversarial samples fool the deep learning models is still unclear. The underlying working mechanism of adversarial samples has not been well explored, and it is the bottleneck of adversarial attack defense. In this paper, we build a causal model to interpret the generation and performance of adversarial samples. The self-attention/transformer is adopted as a powerful tool in this causal model. Compared to existing methods, causality enables us to analyze adversarial samples more naturally and intrinsically. Based on this causal model, the working mechanism of adversarial samples is revealed, and instructive analysis is provided. Then, we propose simple and effective adversarial sample detection and recognition methods according to the revealed working mechanism. The causal insights enable us to detect and recognize adversarial samples without any extra model or training. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Our methods outperform the state-of-the-art defense methods under various adversarial attacks.

Experiment and Simulation for Rolling of Diamond–Cu Composites

We demonstrate an innovative preparation approach of diamond/Cu composites by powder-in-tube technique and rolling. A small copper tube was loaded with Ti-and Cu-coated diamond particles, and then the diamond particles were combined with Cu matrix by composite rolling. The morphology and element distribution of the interface between diamond and Cu were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometer. Finite element method(FEM) simulation was used to analyze the rolling process associated with experiment by DEFORM-3D. The final experimental results showed that homogeneous distribution of diamond particles could be observed in the center layer of the composites. According to the contrast experiments, the sample, whose diamond particle size is 0.12–0.15 mm and thickness of pre-rolling is 1.2 mm, showed relatively complete morphologies and homogeneous distribution. Experimental results indicated a poor efficacy of excessive rolling reduction. The thermal conductivity of the composites is about 453 W(m K)^(-1)by theoretical calculation. For FEM simulation, rolling strain and temperature field of the composites were simulated by DEFORM-3D. Simulation results were interpreted, and numerical results verified the reliability of the model.The simulation predicted that the local area of large strain, indicative of the strain along the thickness direction, could be intensified by adding diamond particles.

土体含水率时域反射法现场测试经验模型研究（英文）

目的:建立含水率与介电常数间的经验关系模型是利用时域反射(TDR)技术测试土体含水率的关键。通过收集并建立包含45种土样418个试验数据点的数据库,提出一个土体质量含水率与表观介电常数间的经验公式,分析经验公式误差随土体类型、干密度、击实功、孔隙水电导率和温度等因素的变化规律,并提出考虑干密度影响的修正方法。创新点:1.基于电磁波相互作用理论,直接建立土体质量含水率和介电常数间的关系模型;2.通过数据拟合得到通用型经验公式,可在现场无标定快速高效地实现含水率测试。方法:1.通过理论分析,直接建立土体质量含水率和介电常数间的关系模型(公式(9));2.通过试验数据收集和回归分析得到通用型经验公式(图2和公式(10));3.通过影响因素分析,对公式的适用性和有效性进行分析(图3~7)。结论:1.该经验公式对常见的土体类型均能给出误差在±0.05 g/g以内的结果;2.在1.3~2.3 g/cm3的干密度范围内,该经验公式具有较好的适用性;在工程中常见的击实功和孔隙水电导率变化范围内,含水率测试精度可满足工程要求;4~30°C温度变化范围对本经验公式的计算结果无明显影响;3.利用该经验公式,对于特殊场地,可以不通过标定实现TDR现场测试,具有较好的实用性。