Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Symptoms Correlate with Domains of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson＆#39;s Disease

Background： Rapid eye movement （REM） sleep behavior disorder （RBD） may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson＆#39;s disease （PD）.However, little is known regarding the relation between the severity of RBD and the different domains of cognitive impairment.The aim of this study was： （1） to investigate the domains of cognitive impairment in patients with PD and RBD, and （2） to explore risk factors for PD-mild cognitive impairment （PD-MCI） and the relationship between RBD severity and impairment in different cognitive domains in PD.Methods： The participants were grouped as follows： PD without RBD （PD-RBD;n =42）, PD with RBD （PD ＋ RBD;n =32）, idiopathic RBD （iRBD;n =15）, and healthy controls （HCs;n =36）.All participants completed a battery of neuropsychological assessment of attention and working memory, executive function, language, memory, and visuospatial function.The information of basic demographics, diseases and medication history, and motor and nonmotor manifestations was obtained and compared between PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD groups.Particular attention was paid to the severity of RBD assessed by the RBD Questionnaire-Hong Kong （RBDQ-HK） and the RBD Screening Questionnaire （RBDSQ）, then we further examined associations between the severity of RBD symptoms and cognitive levels via correlation analysis.Results： Compared to PD-RBD subjects, PD ＋ RBD patients were more likely to have olfactory dysfunction and their Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were higher （P 〈 0.05）.During neuropsychological testing, PD ＋ RBD patients performed worse than PD-RBD patients, including delayed memory function, especially.The MCI rates were 33%, 63%, 33%, and 8% for PD-RBD, PD ＋ RBD, iRBD, and HC groups, respectively.RBD was an important factor for the PD-MCI variance （odds ratio =5.204, P =0.018）.During correlation analysis, higher RBDSQ and RBDQ-HK scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on the Trail Making Test-B （errors） and Auditory Verbal Learning Test （delayed recall） and higher RBD-HK scores were also associated with Rey-Osterrieth complex figure （copy） results.Conclusions： When PD-RBD and PD ＋ RBD patients have equivalent motor symptoms, PD ＋ RBD patients still have more olfactory dysfunction and worse daytime somnolence.RBD is an important risk factor for MCI, including delayed memory.Deficits in executive function, verbal delayed memory, and visuospatial function were consistently associated with more severe RBD symptoms.

Nasopharyngeal cancer-derived microRNA-21 promotes mmune suppressive B cells

The prevalence of nasopharyngeal cancer （NPC） is high in the southern area of China and some other districts in the world. The pathogenesis of NPC is unclear. It is reported that some microRNAs （miR） are involved in the progression of NPC. This study aims to investigate the role of miR-21 in the induction of immune tolerance of NPC. In this study, NPC tissue was collected from patients with NPC. Assessment of miR was performed with real time quantitative RT-PCR. Western blotting was used to assess proteins of interleukin 10 and nuclear factor I-A （NFI-A）, Immune ceils were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that NPC cell line C666-1 and surgically removed NPC tissue expressed miR-21, which was upregulated by the presence of the Toll-like receptor 3 ligand, Poly h C. Exposure to miR-21 increased the expression of NFI-A and interleukin （IL）-IO in naive B cells. High frequency of IL-10＋ B cells was detected in the NPC tissue. The NPC- or miR-21-primed B ceils suppressed cytotoxic CD8＋ T cell activities. We conclude that NPC-derived miR-21 induces IL-10＋ B ceils; the latter is capable of suppressing CD8＋ T-cell activities, miR-21 may be a potential target in the treatment of NPC.