Research progresses on cathode materials of aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion techniques that exhibit the merits such as high energy density,rapid response kinetics,economical maintenance requirements and expedient installation procedures will hold a pivotal role in the forthcoming energy storage technologies revolution.In recent years,aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have garnered substantial attention as a compelling candidate for large-scale energy storage systems,primarily attributable to their advantageous featu res encompassing cost-effectiveness,environmental sustainability,and robust safety profiles.Currently,one of the primary factors hindering the further development of AZIBs originates from the challenge of cathode materials.Specifically,the three mainstream types of mainstream cathode materials,in terms of manganese-based compounds,vanadium-based compounds and Prussian blue analogues,surfer from the dissolution of Mn~(2+),in the low discharge voltage,and the low specific capacity,respectively.Several strategies have been developed to compensation the above intrinsic defects for these cathode materials,including the ionic doping,defect engineering,and materials match.Accordingly,this review first provides a systematic summarization of the zinc storage mechanism in AZIBs,following by the inherent merit and demerit of three kind of cathode materials during zinc storage analyzed from their structure characteristic,and then the recent development of critical strategies towards the intrinsic insufficiency of these cathode materials.In this review,the methodologies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of manganese-based and vanadium-based compounds are emphasis emphasized.Additionally,the article outlines the future prospective directions as well as strategic proposal for cathode materials in AZIBs.

Research on Active Safety Methodologies for Intelligent Railway Systems

Safety is essential when building a strong transportation system.As a key development direction in the global railway system,the intelligent railway has safety at its core,making safety a top priority while pursuing the goals of efficiency,convenience,economy,and environmental friendliness.This paper describes the state of the art and proposes a system architecture for intelligent railway systems.It also focuses on the development of railway safety technology at home and abroad,and proposes the active safety method and technology system based on advanced theoretical methods such as the in-depth integration of cyber–physical systems(CPS),data-driven models,and intelligent computing.Finally,several typical applications are demonstrated to verify the advancement and feasibility of active safety technology in intelligent railway systems.

Three-Dimensional Pressure Modeling of South China Sea in High Temperature High Pressure Field

Yingqiong basin is a proven hydrocarbon-rich basin in South China Sea. There are a number of large exploration prospects in high temperature and over-pressured formations, especially in Yacheng Block of Qiongdongnan basin and Dongfang District of Yinggehai Basin. Owing to good exploration situation, we have already achieved proven geological reserves over 1000 × 108 m3. In recent years, a few drilled HPHT wells have confirmed that pressure predicted by conventional method was wildly inaccurate. From the view of regional stress, the accuracy of the pressure prediction will be substantially improved. Accurate pressure prediction and three-dimensional pressure modeling which are based on three-dimensional lithology modeling are the cornerstone to achieve exploration breakthrough. In this paper, the use of the triple constraint trend lithology model broke through the traditional method of seismic lithology prediction only by means of impedance threshold value. Compared with actual data and prediction, it confirms that three-dimensional pressure modeling method is reasonable and effective, and has a wide prospect of application.

Practice and Cognition of Midway VSP in High Temperature and High Pressure Field of South China Sea

Ying-Qiong Basin is a typical high-temperature and overpressure basin, which is the main battlefield of oil and gas exploration in South China Sea and has made great breakthroughs in recent years. During drilling process in high pressure, the relationship between the deep and the pressure is directly related to the drilling safety and costs. In order to improve prediction accuracy, the VSP operation is carried out through the midway, and three points have been obtained: 1) The VSP has a higher accuracy of the interface depth in certain depth range of the drill bit. 2) When the low-frequency trend prediction is accurate before the drill bit, interval velocity of the VSP inversion is consistent with the formation velocity. 3) The VSP pressure forecast is based on the inversion layer velocity and under-compaction pressure. If the velocity prediction is not accurate, the pressure forecast must be erroneous. If the pressure has other sources, the formation pressure is not accurate even if the inversion velocity is accurate. The application scope and exploration effect of midway VSP operation are summarized and applied to Ledong 10-1 block in Yinggehai basin, which realize the breakthrough in the field of high temperature overpressure and provide the basis for other similar exploration areas to do VSP operation.

杂原子掺杂石墨烯的制备及其作为超级电容器电极材料

石墨烯具有比表面积大、导电性高等特点,在电化学储能领域得到了广泛的关注。然而其作为电极材料时体积能量密度较低,因此在应用中存在着一定的困难。杂原子掺杂是一种提高石墨烯电化学性质的有效手段,可以增强石墨烯作为电极材料时的储能性能。本文概述了杂原子掺杂石墨烯的制备方法,介绍了不同种类的杂原子掺杂对石墨烯电化学性质的影响,及其应用于超级电容器的代表性工作,最后展望了该研究领域未来的发展方向。

Adaptive cropping shallow attention network for defect detection of bridge girder steel using unmanned aerial vehicle images

Bridges are an important part of railway infrastructure and need regular inspection and maintenance.Using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)technology to inspect railway infrastructure is an active research issue.However,due to the large size of UAV images,flight distance,and height changes,the object scale changes dramatically.At the same time,the elements of interest in railway bridges,such as bolts and corrosion,are small and dense objects,and the sample data set is seriously unbalanced,posing great challenges to the accurate detection of defects.In this paper,an adaptive cropping shallow attention network(ACSANet)is proposed,which includes an adaptive cropping strategy for large UAV images and a shallow attention network for small object detection in limited samples.To enhance the accuracy and generalization of the model,the shallow attention network model integrates a coordinate attention(CA)mechanism module and an alpha intersection over union(α-IOU)loss function,and then carries out defect detection on the bolts,steel surfaces,and railings of railway bridges.The test results show that the ACSANet model outperforms the YOLOv5s model using adaptive cropping strategy in terms of the total mAP(an evaluation index)and missing bolt mAP by 5%and 30%,respectively.Also,compared with the YOLOv5s model that adopts the common cropping strategy,the total mAP and missing bolt mAP are improved by 10%and 60%,respectively.Compared with the YOLOv5s model without any cropping strategy,the total mAP and missing bolt mAP are improved by 40%and 67%,respectively.

Effects of protein sources and levels in antibiotic-free diets on diarrhea,intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junctions in weaned piglets

This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets(21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. Diets were formulated, based on corn-soybean meal, with different protein sources(fish meal and soy protein concentrate) to provide different dietary CP levels. Piglets within 5 dietary treatments were fed diets as follows, respectively: 1) control diet of 17% CP(control); 2) 19% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19); 3) fish meal(FM19); 4) 23.7% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23); 5) fish meal(FM23). The results showed that piglets from control group had higher ADG and lower incidence of diarrhea compared with those of other groups(P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea of piglets in FM19 group was lower than those from SPC23 group and FM23 group(P < 0.05). With the higher CP levels, villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio of piglets in the duodenum and jejunum were decreased(P < 0.05), but crypt depth was increased(P < 0.05). Comparing control group and other groups, we found the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) were increased(P < 0.05) in the jejunum and colon of piglets, as did cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators(CFTR) in the distal colon. The relative transcript abundance of Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in the jejunum, and occludin in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed 23.7% CP diets were reduced compared with those fed control diet(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 17% CP diet without in-feed antibiotics helped improve growth performance and relief of diarrhea of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets. Dietary CP level, rather than its source(either fish meal or soy protein concentrate), has more significant impacts on the growth performance and intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets when fed antibiotics-free diets.

Fecal scores and microbial metabolites in weaned piglets fed different protein sources and levels

This experiment studied the effects of dietary protein sources and levels on the gut health of piglets,p H value,and concentrations of microbial metabolites(ammonia-N,volatile fatty acids [VFA],and polyamines) in the distal colonic and proximal colonic digesta of piglets weaned at 21 d of age.A total of 150 early-weaned piglets were allotted randomly to 5 diets: 1) control diet(CT; 17% CP),2) CT formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19; 19% CP),3) more fish meal(FM19; 19% CP),4) CT formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23; 23% CP),and 5) more fish meal(FM23; 23%CP).Results showed high protein level increased fecal score(P < 0.05),but different protein sources did not(P > 0.05).The p H value and ammonia-N concentration of digesta in the proximal and distal colon of FM23 were significantly higher(P < 0.05) than those of CT.Acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the proximal colon of FM23 exceeded those of CT,SPC19,and FM19(P < 0.05);however,isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid were not affected(P > 0.05).Histamine and spermidine concentrations of FM23 were higher than those of other treatments(P < 0.05).Propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in the distal colon were higher of FM23 than of FM19(P < 0.05); putrescine,histamine and spermidine were higher of FM23 than of LP and FM19(P < 0.05).It was concluded that high dietary CP content increased microbial metabolites(ammonia-N,histamine,putrescine) in colonic digesta and aggravated piglets' diarrhea.

Facilely synthesized N-doped graphene sheets and its ferromagnetic origin

Inducing ferromagnetism into graphene is vital today because it has a wide range of applications such as spintronics devices and magnetic memory devices. In this paper, we will report a new method to synthesize ferromagnetic graphene by nitrogen doping. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to testify the N-doped material and further discuss the N-doped process.The superconducting quantum interference device(SQUID) was put in and used to analyze the magnetic properties of the N-doped graphene sheets. It shows that the material exhibits ferromagnetism at both 3 K and 300 K and the ferromagnetic saturation moment is 0.412 emu/g and 0.051 emu/g, respectively.The mechanism of the origin of the ferromagnetism in N-doped graphene sheets will also be discussed in this paper. It shows that, when the amount graphitic N reached the threshold, the origin of the ferromagnetism will change from defects induced by nitrogen atoms to the transition in energy band caused by graphitic N.

Synthesis of few-layer N-doped graphene from expandable graphite with melamine and its application in supercapacitors

In this paper,we introduced a novel method to prepare the few-layer nitrogen-doped graphene(FNG)from expandable graphite with melamine.The super-capacitive properties of FNG were thoroughly characterized by a three-electrode system,and the results showed the FNG electrode achieved a specific capacitance as high as 83.8 mF/cm2 together with excellent cycling stability.This method could be a novel approach to combine the pseudo-capacitors and electric double layer capacitors.

Facile preparation of hydrogenated graphene by hydrothermal methods and the investigation of its ferromagnetism

In this paper,a hydrothermal approach is utilized for the first time in integrating graphene oxide(GO),acetic acid(HAc)and nickel foam to prepare hydrogenated graphene(HG).There are two primary aims of this study:one is to ascertain the structure of the as-prepared HG,and the other one is to investigate the ferromagnetism of the HG.Under hydrothermal conditions,GO was reduced and hydrogenated by HAc,while the nickel foam served as a catalyst.This work provides a novel and facile route for the synthesis of hydrogenated graphene,which may lead to the application of hydrogenated graphene in spin electronic devices.

元世祖忽必烈征爪哇及其与泉州港的关系

至元二十九年(1292年),元世祖忽必烈发兵征爪哇[1],这不仅在中国历史上是一件大事,在东南亚历史上也是一件影响巨大的事件,即使放在13世纪的世界史上,也算得上是一件不容忽略的事件。由于《元史》明确记载远征爪哇的军队是从泉州后渚港出发[2],因此这场远征与泉州有着密不可分的联系。下面就有关史料对元世祖征爪哇的史事及其与泉州港的关系略作考证分析,以求教方家。