Up-Scalable Fabrication of SnO_(2)with Multifunctional Interface for High Performance Perovskite Solar Modules

Tin dioxide(SnO_(2))has been demonstrated as one of the promising electron transport layers for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells(PSCs).However,scalable fabrication of SnO_(2) films with uniform coverage,desirable thickness and a low defect density in perovskite solar mod-ules(PSMs)is still challenging.Here,we report preparation of high-quality large-area SnO_(2) films by chemical bath depo-sition(CBD)with the addition of KMnO_(4).The strong oxidiz-ing nature of KMnO_(4) promotes the conversion from Sn(II)to Sn(VI),leading to reduced trap defects and a higher carrier mobility of SnO_(2).In addition,K ions diffuse into the per-ovskite film resulting in larger grain sizes,passivated grain boundaries,and reduced hysteresis of PSCs.Furthermore,Mn ion doping improves both the crystallinity and the phase stability of the perovskite film.Such a multifunctional interface engineering strategy enabled us to achieve a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 21.70% with less hysteresis for lab-scale PSCs.Using this method,we also fabricated 5×5 and 10×10 cm^(2) PSMs,which showed PCEs of 15.62% and 11.80%(active area PCEs are 17.26%and 13.72%),respectively.For the encapsulated 5×5 cm^(2) PSM,we obtained a T80 operation lifetime(the lifespan during which the solar module PCE drops to 80%of its initial value)exceeding 1000 h in ambient condition.

Elite sd1 alleles in japonica rice and their breeding applications in northeast China

The Green Revolution gene sd1 has been used extensively in modern rice breeding,especially in indica cultivars.However,elite sd1 alleles and related germplasm resources used for japonica rice breeding have not been identified,and extensive efforts are needed for japonica rice breeding to obtain new dwarfing sources.Data from MBKbase-Rice revealed seven sd1 haplotypes in indica and four in japonica rice.Two new sd1 alleles were identified in indica rice.In 295 japonica accessions from northeast Asia,except for the weak functional allele SD1-EQ,sd1-r was the major allele,reducing plant height in comparison with SD1-EQ.Japonica germplasm resources carrying reported sd1 alleles were identified by genotype searching and further verified by literature search,genealogical analysis,and d Caps markers.Pedigrees and geographic distribution showed that sd1-r is an excellent allele widely used in northern China and Tohoku in Japan,and sd1-j is commonly used in east China and Kyushu in Japan.Dongnong-and Xiushui-series cultivars carrying sd1-r and sd1-j,respectively,are essential branches of the backbone parents of Chinese japonica rice,Akihikari and Ce21,with the largest number of descendants and derived generations.In semi-dwarf japonica rice breeding,sd1-d was introgressed into Daohuaxiang 2(DHX2).Dwarf and semi-dwarf lines carrying sd1-d were selected and designated as 1279 and 1280,respectively,after withstanding typhoon-induced strong winds and heavy rains in 2020,and are anticipated to become useful intermediate materials for future genetic research and breeding.This work will facilitate the introduction,parental selection,and marker-assisted breeding,and provide a material basis for the next step in identifying favorable genes that selected together with the sd1 alleles in japonica backbone parents.

Dexmedetomidine alleviates oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cell via downregulation of MKP-1

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-based therapy is a novel candidate for heart repair.But ischemiareperfusion injury leads to low viability of MSC.Dexmedetomidine(Dex)has been found to protect neurons against ischemia-reperfusion injury.It remains unknown if Dex could increase the viability of MSCs under ischemia.The present study is to observe the potential protective effect of Dex on MSCs under ischemia and its underlying mechanisms.Specific mRNAs related to myocardial ischemia in the GEO database were selected from the mRNA profiles assessed in a previous study using microarray.The most dysregulated mRNAs of the specific ones from the above study were subject to bioinformatics analysis at our laboratory.These dysregulated mRNAs possibly regulated apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and were validated in vitro for their protective effect on MSCs under ischemia.MSCs were pre-treated with Dex at 10μM concentration for 24 h under oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD).Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were carried out to detect apoptosis in Dex-pretreated MSCs under OGD.The relative expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1(MKP-1)and related genes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Microarray data analysis revealed that Dex regulates MAPK phosphatase activity.Dex significantly reduced in vitro apoptosis of MSCs under OGD,which suppressed the synthesis level of Beclin1 and light chain 3 proteins.Dex down-regulated MKP-1 expression and attenuated an OGDinduced change in the mitogen activated protein kinase 3(MAPK3)signaling pathway.Dex increases the viability of MSC and improves its tolerance to OGD in association with the MKP-1 signaling pathway,thus suggesting the potential of Dex as a novel strategy for promoting MSCs efficacy under ischemia.

Highly efficient solution-processed organic photovoltaics enabled by improving packing behavior of organic semiconductors

Solution processability is a unique property of organic semiconductors. The compact and regular π-π stacking between molecules is paramount in the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. However, it is still a challenge to improve their stacking quality without sacrificing the solution-processability from the aspect of materials design. Here, delicately engineered additives are presented to promote the formation of ordered aggregation of conjugated molecules by regulating their nucleation and growth dynamics. Intriguingly, the long-chain BTP-eC9-4F molecules can realize ordered aggregation comparable to short-chain ones without sacrificing processability. The domain size of BTP-eC9-4F aggregation is enlarged from 24.2 to 32.2 nm in blend films.Thereby exciton diffusion and charge transport become faster, contributing to the suppression of recombination losses. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 19.2% is achieved in D18:BTP-eC9-4F based organic photovoltaics. Our findings demonstrate a facile strategy to improve the packing quality of solution-processed organic semiconductors for high-efficiency photovoltaics and beyond photovoltaics.

Experimental models for cancer brain metastasis

Brain metastases are a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.However,progress in their treatment has been limited over the past decade,due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms.Employing accurate in vitro and in vivo models to recapitulate the complexities of brain metastasis offers the most promising approach to unravel the intricate cellular and physiological processes involved.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the currently accessible models for studying brain metastasis.We introduce a diverse array of in vitro and in vivo models,including cultured cells using the Transwell system,organoids,microfluidic models,syngeneic models,xenograft models,and genetically engineered models.We have also provided a concise summary of the merits and limitations inherent to each model while identifying the optimal contexts for their effective utilization.This review serves as a comprehensive resource,aiding researchers in making well-informed decisions regarding model selection that align with specific research questions.

寄主监控昆虫唾液蛋白平衡植物抗性与生长发育

作物生产常遭受各类虫害威胁。揭示昆虫与寄主之间的互作机制,对害虫的绿色防治具有重要意义。武汉大学何光存团队鉴定了褐飞虱(BPH)唾液蛋白BISP。在易感品种中, BISP靶向OsRLCK185并抑制其介导的基础防御。在携带褐飞虱抗性基因Bph14的水稻(Oryza sativa)品种中,BPH14直接结合BISP并激活寄主的免疫反应,但会抑制水稻的生长。BISP-BPH14与自噬装载受体OsNBR1结合,通过自噬途径降解BISP,下调水稻对BPH的抗性,恢复植株正常生长。该研究鉴定到首个被植物免疫受体感知的昆虫唾液蛋白,揭示了寄主通过感知并调节昆虫效应蛋白水平来平衡水稻抗性与生长发育的分子机制,为培育高产水稻抗虫品种提供了新思路。

新型自体半腱肌带状移植物重建术治疗前交叉韧带断裂的早期临床疗效

目的探讨新型自体半腱肌带状移植物重建术治疗膝关节前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂的早期疗效。方法采用回顾性队列研究分析2019年6月至2021年1月郑州市骨科医院收治的65例膝关节ACL断裂患者的临床资料, 其中男52例, 女13例;年龄16~50岁[(30.5±8.4)岁]。根据重建方式和移植物选择, 将患者分为带状重建组(31例)和圆束重建组(34例)。手术重建方法均为解剖重建, 其中带状重建组采用新型自体半腱肌带状移植物解剖重建ACL, 圆束重建组采用传统圆束状移植物解剖重建ACL。比较两组手术时间、术后即时ACL移植物与原始ACL形态差异、术前及术后3个月Lysholm评分、术后即时及术后3个月Lachman试验和轴移试验、术中及术后并发症发生情况。结果患者均获随访3~15个月[(6.0±3.1)个月]。带状重建组手术时间为(61.6±6.7)min, 圆束重建组为(48.0±6.3)min(P<0.01)。关节镜观察可见原始ACL在关节内为带状, 带状重建组重建移植物主体也是带状, 而传统圆束状移植物主体为束状。关节镜下发现带状移植物重建组术后移植物相比圆束重建组更好模拟了原始ACL的带状结构, 在屈膝时模仿ACL发生自然扭曲。带状重建组术后3个月Lysholm评分为(82.8±5.2)分, 较术前的(47.5±8.7)分显著提高(P<0.01)。圆束重建组术后3个月Lysholm评分为(79.9±7.5)分, 较术前的(44.2±9.4)分显著提高(P<0.01)。两组术前及术后3个月Lysholm评分差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组术后即时及术后3个月Lachman试验和轴移试验均为阴性。带状重建组术中4例发生克氏针断裂或磨损, 1例发生空心钻变形;圆束重建组术中2例发生克氏针磨损(P>0.05)。术后3个月带状重建组出现1例胫骨切口感染;圆束重建组未出现切口感染, 创面均Ⅰ期愈合;两组均无韧带失效及功能受限发生(P>0.05)。结论新型自体半腱肌带状移植物重建ACL的临床效果与传统圆束移植物相当。然而, 关节镜下发现带状移植物实质部为带状, 更好地模拟了原始ACL的生理形态, 在屈膝时模仿ACL发生自然扭曲, 可能会更好模拟原始ACL的生理功能。

Integrated solar capacitors for energy conversion and storage

Solar energy is one of the most popular clean energy sources and is a promising alternative to fulfill the increasing energy demands of modem society. Solar cells have long been under intensive research attention for harvesting energy from sunlight with a high power-conversion efficiency and low cost. However, the power outputs of photovoltaic devices suffer from fluctuations due to the intermittent instinct of the solar radiation. Integrating solar cells and energy- storage devices as self-powering systems may solve this problem through the simultaneous storage of the electricity and manipulation of the energy output. This review the research progress in the integration of new-generation solar cells with supercapacitors, with emphasis on the structures, materials, performance, and new design features. The current challenges and future prospects are discussed with the aim of expanding research and development in this field.

Recent progress in organic solar cells(PartⅡdevice engineering)

1 Introduction Organic solar cells(OSCs)belong to a multidisciplinary field composed of chemistry,materials science,physics,engineering,etc.For a better reviewing of this field,we briefly divide the research field of OSCs into two parts:material science and device engineering.In our previous review,the material science part of OSCs,including conjugated polymer donors and acceptors,small molecular donors and acceptors.

Organic additive engineering toward efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes

Perovskite materials with excellent optical and electrical properties are promising for light-emitting diodes.In the field of perovskite light-emitting diodes(PeLEDs),organic materials additive engineering has been proved to be an effective scheme for enhancing efficiency and stability in PeLEDs.Most impressively,the reported external quantum efficiency of PeLEDs based on perovskite-organic composite has reached over 20%.Herein,we will review the important progress of the organic materials'additive-modified PeLEDs and discuss the remaining problems and challenges and the key research direction in the near future.

Black phosphorus induced photo-doping for high-performance organic-silicon heterojunction photovoltaics

In conventional crystalline silicon （Si） homojunction solar cells,a strategy of doping by transporting phosphorus or boron impurities into Si is commonly used to build Ohmic contacts at rear electrodes.However,this technique involves an energy intensive,high temperature （～ 800 ℃） process and toxic doping materials.Black phosphorus （BP） is a two-dimensional,narrow bandgap semiconductor with high carrier mobility that exhibits broad light harvesting properties.Here,we place BP：zinc oxide （ZnO） composite films between Si and aluminum （Al） to improve their contact.Once the BP harvests photons with energies below 1.1 eV from the crystalline Si,the ZnO carrier concentration increases dramatically due to charge injection.This photo-induced doping results in a high carrier concentration in the ZnO film,mimicking the modulated doping technique used in semiconductor heterojunctions.We show that photo-induced carriers dramatically increase the conductivities of the BP-modified ZnO films,thus reducing the contact resistance between Si and Al.A photovoltaic power conversion efficiency of 15.2% is achieved in organic-Si heterojunction solar cells that use a ZnO：BP layer.These findings demonstrate an effective way of improving Si/metal contact via a simple,low temperature process.

Effect of Polymer Chain Regularity on the Photovoltaic Performance of Organic Solar Cells

In this work,regio-regular and random polymers(reg-PTF and ran-PTF)comprising benzodithiophene and 3-fluorothiophene units are developed to investigate the influence of polymer chain regularity on the photovoltaic performance.Interestingly,reg-PTF exhibits higher HOMO energy level(∼0.2 eV)than that of ran-PTF due to the more ordered molecular structure and higher crystallization.As the result,the HOMO energy level offset between donor and acceptor can be well controlled by selecting different acceptors.Using BTP-ec9-4F with a much deep HOMO energy level as acceptor,reg-PTF-based devices display an inferior PCE of 7.66%compared with ran-PTF based ones(11.78%)due to the too large HOMO energy levels offset.When blending with Y18-1F,the PCE of reg-PTF-based devices is increased to 13.23%due to the appropriate energy level.In comparison,the ran-PTF-based devices nearly do not work because of the negative HOMO energy levels offset.This work indicates that both the polymer chain regularity and the energy level offset between the donor and acceptor material are important to the performance of organic solar cells.