The launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in China calls for a paradigm shift in theory and practice of foreign language(FL)teaching from a communicative language teaching approach(CLT)to intercultural language teach...The launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in China calls for a paradigm shift in theory and practice of foreign language(FL)teaching from a communicative language teaching approach(CLT)to intercultural language teaching(ICLT),which treats intercultural communicative competence(ICC)as the core of FL education.Unfortunately,the College English Curriculum Requirements of China(CECR)does not specify the aspects for cultural teaching or assessment;nor does it provide any theoretical or practical guidance for teachers on how to teach or assess ICC.This leads to teachers’confusion about what should be taught and assessed and how,hence to a deficiency in real actions.In this paper,we first outline the learning outcomes of ICLT-oriented courses,the ICC components which respectively fall into the categories of intercultural attitude,knowledge and skills.By presenting the pedagogical practice of a cultural literacy course,we also demonstrate how FL teachers can help learners achieve these learning outcomes through a fivestage instruction process.Finally,we discuss how these learning outcomes can be assessed using formative and summative assessment tools,especially how ICC components can be incorporated into a comprehensive test of FL.展开更多
Rice OsLIC encoding a CCCH zinc finger transcription factor plays an important role in immunity.However,the immune signaling pathways that OsLIC-involved and the underlying mechanisms that OsLIC-conferred resistance a...Rice OsLIC encoding a CCCH zinc finger transcription factor plays an important role in immunity.However,the immune signaling pathways that OsLIC-involved and the underlying mechanisms that OsLIC-conferred resistance against pathogens are largely unclear.Here,we show that OsLIC,as a substrate for Os MAPK6,negatively regulates resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)and X.oryzae pv.oryzicola(Xoc)by directly suppressing OsWRKY30 transcription.Biochemical assays showed that OsLIC bound to OsWRKY30 promoter and suppressed its transcription.Genetic assays confirmed that the osilc knockout mutants and OsWRKY30-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc,knocking out OsWRKY30 in the oslic mutants attenuated the resistance against bacterial pathogens.Os MAPK6 physically interacted with and phosphorylated OsLIC leading to decreased OsLIC DNA-binding activity,therefore,overexpression of OsLIC partially suppressed Os MAPK6-mediated rice resistance.In addition,both Os MAPK6-phosphorylated activation of OsLIC and phosphorylation-mimic OsLIC_(5D) had reduced DNA-binding activity towards OsWRKY30 promoter,thereby promoting OsWRKY30 transcription.Collectively,these results reveal that Os MAPK6-mediated phosphorylation of OsLIC positively regulates rice resistance to Xoo and Xoc by modulating OsWRKY30 transcription,suggesting that Os MAPK6-OsLIC-OsWRKY30 module is an immune signaling pathway in response to the bacterial pathogens.展开更多
基金This study is financially supported by Heilongjiang Key Project of Economic and Social Development(WY2017003-A)the“14th Five-Year Planning”Key project of Heilongjiang Educational Science(GJB1421043)+3 种基金Philosophy and Social Science Prosperity Project of Harbin Institute of Technology(HIT.HSS.202128)Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Harbin Institute of Technology(21MS044)Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Harbin Institute of Technology(21MS047)Teacher Development Project of Harbin Institute of Technology(XSZ2019078).
文摘The launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in China calls for a paradigm shift in theory and practice of foreign language(FL)teaching from a communicative language teaching approach(CLT)to intercultural language teaching(ICLT),which treats intercultural communicative competence(ICC)as the core of FL education.Unfortunately,the College English Curriculum Requirements of China(CECR)does not specify the aspects for cultural teaching or assessment;nor does it provide any theoretical or practical guidance for teachers on how to teach or assess ICC.This leads to teachers’confusion about what should be taught and assessed and how,hence to a deficiency in real actions.In this paper,we first outline the learning outcomes of ICLT-oriented courses,the ICC components which respectively fall into the categories of intercultural attitude,knowledge and skills.By presenting the pedagogical practice of a cultural literacy course,we also demonstrate how FL teachers can help learners achieve these learning outcomes through a fivestage instruction process.Finally,we discuss how these learning outcomes can be assessed using formative and summative assessment tools,especially how ICC components can be incorporated into a comprehensive test of FL.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31821005,31871946,32172421)the National Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFA058)。
文摘Rice OsLIC encoding a CCCH zinc finger transcription factor plays an important role in immunity.However,the immune signaling pathways that OsLIC-involved and the underlying mechanisms that OsLIC-conferred resistance against pathogens are largely unclear.Here,we show that OsLIC,as a substrate for Os MAPK6,negatively regulates resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo)and X.oryzae pv.oryzicola(Xoc)by directly suppressing OsWRKY30 transcription.Biochemical assays showed that OsLIC bound to OsWRKY30 promoter and suppressed its transcription.Genetic assays confirmed that the osilc knockout mutants and OsWRKY30-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc,knocking out OsWRKY30 in the oslic mutants attenuated the resistance against bacterial pathogens.Os MAPK6 physically interacted with and phosphorylated OsLIC leading to decreased OsLIC DNA-binding activity,therefore,overexpression of OsLIC partially suppressed Os MAPK6-mediated rice resistance.In addition,both Os MAPK6-phosphorylated activation of OsLIC and phosphorylation-mimic OsLIC_(5D) had reduced DNA-binding activity towards OsWRKY30 promoter,thereby promoting OsWRKY30 transcription.Collectively,these results reveal that Os MAPK6-mediated phosphorylation of OsLIC positively regulates rice resistance to Xoo and Xoc by modulating OsWRKY30 transcription,suggesting that Os MAPK6-OsLIC-OsWRKY30 module is an immune signaling pathway in response to the bacterial pathogens.
