Multi-View & Transfer Learning for Epilepsy Recognition Based on EEG Signals

Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal.Electroencephalogram(EEG)signals,as recordings of brain activity,have been widely used for epilepsy recognition.To study epilep-tic EEG signals and develop artificial intelligence(AI)-assist recognition,a multi-view transfer learning(MVTL-LSR)algorithm based on least squares regression is proposed in this study.Compared with most existing multi-view transfer learning algorithms,MVTL-LSR has two merits:(1)Since traditional transfer learning algorithms leverage knowledge from different sources,which poses a significant risk to data privacy.Therefore,we develop a knowledge transfer mechanism that can protect the security of source domain data while guaranteeing performance.(2)When utilizing multi-view data,we embed view weighting and manifold regularization into the transfer framework to measure the views’strengths and weaknesses and improve generalization ability.In the experimental studies,12 different simulated multi-view&transfer scenarios are constructed from epileptic EEG signals licensed and provided by the Uni-versity of Bonn,Germany.Extensive experimental results show that MVTL-LSR outperforms baselines.The source code will be available on https://github.com/didid5/MVTL-LSR.

The Scorpion Venom Peptide Smp76 Inhibits Viral Infection by Regulating Type-Ⅰ Interferon Response

Dengue virus(DENV) and Zika virus(ZIKV) have spread throughout many countries in the developing world and infect millions of people every year, causing severe harm to human health and the economy. Unfortunately, there are few effective vaccines and therapies available against these viruses. Therefore, the discovery of new antiviral agents is critical.Herein, a scorpion venom peptide(Smp76) characterized from Scorpio maurus palmatus was successfully expressed and purified in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant Smp76(rSmp76) was found to effectively inhibit DENV and ZIKV infections in a dose-dependent manner in both cultured cell lines and primary mouse macrophages. Interestingly,rSmp76 did not inactivate the viral particles directly but suppressed the established viral infection, similar to the effect of interferon(IFN)-b. Mechanistically, rSmp76 was revealed to upregulate the expression of IFN-b by activating interferon regulatory transcription factor 3(IRF3) phosphorylation, enhancing the type-Ⅰ IFN response and inhibiting viral infection.This mechanism is significantly different from traditional virucidal antimicrobial peptides(AMPs). Overall, the scorpion venom peptide Smp76 is a potential new antiviral agent with a unique mechanism involving type-Ⅰ IFN responses,demonstrating that natural AMPs can enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators.

Radiological biomarkers of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus:new approaches for detecting concomitant Alzheimer’s disease and predicting prognosis

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus(iNPH)is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline,gait disturbance,and urinary incontinence.As iNPH often occurs in elderly individuals prone tomany types of comorbidity,a differential diagnosis with other neurodegenerative diseases is crucial,especially Alzheimer’s disease(AD).A growing body of published work provides evidence of radiological methods,including multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography,which may help noninvasively differentiate iNPH from AD or reveal concurrent AD pathology in vivo.Imaging methods detecting morphological changes,white matter microstructural changes,cerebrospinal fluid circulation,and molecular imaging have been widely applied in iNPH patients.Here,we review radiological biomarkers using different methods in evaluating iNPH pathophysiology and differentiating or detecting concomitant AD,to noninvasively predict the possible outcome postshunt and select candidates for shunt surgery.

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate alleviates prenatal pyridaben exposureinduced anxiety-like behaviors in offspring

Pyridaben(PY)is a widely used organochlorine acaricide,which can be detected in the peripheral blood of pregnant women.Available evidence suggests that PY has reproductive toxicity.However,it remains uncertain whether prenatal PY exposure impacts neurobehavioral development in offspring.Here,we administered PY to pregnant mice at a dose of 0.5 and 5 mg kg^(-1)day^(-1)via gavage and observed anxietylike behaviors in PY offspring aged five weeks.We then integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the offspring's brain to explore the underlying mechanism.Metabolome data indicated that the vitamin B6 metabolism pathway was significantly affected,and the pyridoxal 50-phosphate(PLP)concentration and the active form of vitamin B6 was significantly reduced.Moreover,the transcriptome data showed that both PLP generation-related Pdxk and anxiety-related Gad1 were significantly down-regulated.Meanwhile,there was a decreasing trend in the concentration of GABA in the hippocampal DG region.Next,we supplemented PLP at a dose of 20 mg kg^(-1)day^(-1)to the PY offspring via intraperitoneal injection at three weeks.We found up-regulated expression of Pdxk and Gad1 and restored anxiety-like behaviors.This study suggests that prenatal exposure to PY can disrupt vitamin B6 metabolism,reduce the concentration of PLP,down-regulate the expression levels of Pdxk and Gad1,inhibit the production of GABA,and ultimately lead to anxiety-like behaviors in offspring.