Effect of the Relative Position with Gaussian Beam Center and Droplet Center on Optical Caustics

In this paper, a vector ray-tracing model (VRT) is used to simulate the optical caustic structures associated with the secondary rainbow for an ellipsoidal droplet illuminated by a Gaussian beam. The optical caustics of drops with an equatorial radius a = 50 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, and 500 μm are studied at the same drop/beam ratios (i.e. γ the ratio between the droplet equatorial radius and the Gaussian beam waist) using concentric illumination with a Gaussian beam, and the effect of droplet size on the optical caustics is analyzed. The curvature of the rainbow fringe and the evolution of the cusp caustics position, in this case, are obtained;the diameter range of droplet shape (ellipsoid) measured by Gaussian beam illumination is broadened. Based on this model, the effects of the relative positions d = 0, 0.5yR, and yR on the optical caustics of the droplet when the center of the Gaussian beam deviates from the droplet center (the center of the Gaussian beam waist is on the same y-axis as the droplet center) are discussed. The optical caustics of the droplet when the center of the Gaussian beam is off the droplet center (the center of the Gaussian beam waist is on the z-axis with the droplet center) are also discussed. The effects of the relative positions of the center of the beam waist and the droplet center d = 0, 0.5yR, and yR on the optical caustics are also discussed. A method of measuring droplet shape with Gaussian beam illumination is proposed when the beam waist center is coaxial with the droplet center.

A metabolic intervention strategy to break evolutionary adaptability of tumor for reinforced immunotherapy

The typical hallmark of tumor evolution is metabolic dysregulation.In addition to secreting immunoregulatory metabolites,tumor cells and various immune cells display different metabolic pathways and plasticity.Harnessing the metabolic differences to reduce the tumor and immunosuppressive cells while enhancing the activity of positive immunoregulatory cells is a promising strategy.We develop a nanoplatform(CLCeMOF)based on cerium metal-organic framework(CeMOF)by lactate oxidase(LOX)modification and glutaminase inhibitor(CB839)loading.The cascade catalytic reactions induced by CLCeMOF generate reactive oxygen species“storm”to elicit immune responses.Meanwhile,LOX-mediated metabolite lactate exhaustion relieves the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,preparing the ground for intracellular regulation.Most noticeably,the immunometabolic checkpoint blockade therapy,as a result of glutamine antagonism,is exploited for overall cell mobilization.It is found that CLCeMOF inhibited glutamine metabolism-dependent cells(tumor cells,immunosuppressive cells,etc.),increased infiltration of dendritic cells,and especially reprogrammed CD8^(+)T lymphocytes with considerable metabolic flexibility toward a highly activated,long-lived,and memory-like phenotype.Such an idea intervenes both metabolite(lactate)and cellular metabolic pathway,which essentially alters overall cell fates toward the desired situation.Collectively,the metabolic intervention strategy is bound to break the evolutionary adaptability of tumors for reinforced immunotherapy.