iTRAQ-based proteomics reveals the mechanism of action of Yinlai decoction in treating pneumonia in mice consuming a high-calorie diet

Objective:To uncover the underlying mechanisms of action of the Yinlai decoction on high-calorie dietinduced pneumonia through proteomics analysis.Methods:Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)database,lung tissue samples from normal and high-fat diet(HFD)fed mice in the GSE16377 dataset were selected as test cohorts to identify differentially expressed genes and conduct bioinformatics analyses.In the animal experiments,mice were randomly divided into the control(N),high-calorie diet pneumonia(M),and Yinlai decoction treatment(Y)groups.Mice in the M group received high-calorie feed and a 0.5 mg/mL lipopolysaccharide solution spray for 30 min for 3 d.The mice in the Y group were intragastrically administered 2 mL/10 g Yinlai decoction twice daily for 3 d.Pathological evaluation of the lung tissue was performed.Differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in the lung tissue were identified using quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyses.The drug-target relationships between Yinlai decoction and core DEPs in the lung tissue were verified using AutoDock Vina and Molecular Graphics Laboratory(MGL)Tools.DEPs were verified by western blot.Results:GEO data mining showed that an HFD altered oxidative phosphorylation in mouse lung tissue.The Yinlai decoction alleviated pathological damage to lung tissue and pneumonia in mice that were fed a high-calorie diet.A total of 47 DEPs were identified between the Y and M groups.Enrichment analysis revealed their association with energy metabolism pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA)and oxidative phosphorylation.The protein-protein interaction network revealed that Atp5a1,Pdha1,and Sdha were the target proteins mediating the therapeutic effects of Yinlai decoction.Molecular docking results suggested that the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of Yinlai decoction involves the binding of brassinolide,praeruptorin B,chrysoeriol,and other components in Yinlai decoction to Atp5a1.Conclusion:The Yinlai decoction alleviated lung tissue damage and pneumonia in mice that were fed a high-calorie diet by regulating the TCA and oxidative phosphorylation.Our study highlights the importance of a healthy diet for patients with pneumonia and provides a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pneumonia through dietary adjustments.

Structural and functional characteristics of microbiota in oropharynx of sub-healthy children with gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome differentiated by traditional Chinese medicine

Objective:To explore the structural and functional characteristics of microbiota in oropharynx of subhealthy children with gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome(GHRS)differentiated by traditional Chinese medicine,and screen the biometric operational taxonomic units(OTUs)to assist the clinical diagnosis.Methods:We recruited children according to the“GHRS diagnostic scale”,collected their oropharyngeal swabs,and sequenced the 16 SrDNA V4 region.We described the bacterial structure with alpha-indexes,beta-distances,and relative abundances;moreover,we screened the differential genera/OTUs with Wilcoxon rank-sum test,Metagenome Seq analysis,and linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEf Se)analysis,in which biometric OTUs were selected to construct the receiver operating characteristic curve to verify the diagnostic value.The bacterial function was predicted with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways according to 16S rDNA gene by using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States.Results:The study population was composed of 10 children with GHRS and 10 healthy control children.GHRS children were more likely to overeat(gluttony,P=.033).Alpha-indexes,such as Sobs,abundancebased coverage estimator,Bootstrap,and Qstat,were significantly higher in the GHRS group,while betadistances did not exhibit any significant intergroup differences.There were 9 differently distributed nonpredominant genera between the groups in Wilcoxon rank-sum test,as well as 13 non-predominant genera in Metagenome Seq analysis and 3 non-predominant OTUs in LEfSe analysis.OTU44 and OTU196 were used to construct the receiver operating characteristic curve,and the area under curve was 0.92.Predicted functions showed that pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism were enriched in healthy control samples,while the pathway related to renin secretion was remarkably enriched in GHRS samples.Conclusion:Unique oropharyngeal microbial structure and function were identified in GHRS children.OTU44 and OTU196 were specific OTUs,which could be used as biomarkers of GHRS to assist clinical diagnosis.

Proteomic analysis of the effects of accumulated heat in the gastrointestinal tract on lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia in mice

Objective:To examine the effects of accumulated heat in GI tract (AHGIT) on lung tissue protein expression in pneumonic mice.Methods:Nebulized lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were administered to induce a pneumonic mouse model (M1),and a high-calorie/protein diet combined with nebulized LPS was used to induce AHGIT pneumonia (M2).Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)proteomics was applied to study lung protein expression,followed by bioinformatics analysis.Results:M1 mice developed alveolar damage with prominent septum thickening,vascular dilation,hyperaemia and infiltration of large amounts of inflammatory cells.M2 mice developed more severe pathological responses.A total of 2626 proteins were reliably identified in the lung tissue.Compared with normal mice,the M1 mice had 344 differentially expressed proteins in their lungs,which are involved in the following biological processes:response to organic substance,response to cytokine,response to external stimulus,defense response and immune system process.They are also involved in the following Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways:ECM-receptor interaction,leukocyte transendothelial migration,Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis,complement and coagulation cascades,and antigen processing and presentation.Compared with the M1 group,the M2 mice had 164 differentially expressed proteins in their lungs,including 14 upregulated and 150 downregulated proteins.These proteins are involved in the following biological processes:small molecule metabolism,ribose phosphate metabolic process,cell adhesion and biological adhesion.The relevant KEGG pathways included oxidative phosphorylation,Citrate cycle (TCA cycle),complement and coagulation cascades,and vascular smooth muscle contraction.Conclusions:AHGIT aggravated the lung inflammatory damage in the mice with LPS-induced pneumonia.It may affect the mouse substance/energy metabolism,and therefore the immune function,to aggravate the LPS-induced inflammatory damage.

A fast algorithm for manipulation control process of distribution system planning solution

Better flexibility and controllability have been introduced into distribution system with the development of new loads and resources.As a consequence,the connotations and tools for evaluating the planning solution need to be further enriched.This paper proposes a fast algorithm to quantify steady-state voltages and load profiles in distribution system by simulating the manipulation control process of controllable resources,taking the efficiency and ease of use into account.In this method,a complex distribution system is decoupled into several simple parts according to the ports of the DC interlink.Then,to achieve the qualified voltages and load profiles,the manipulation details of controllable resources are simulated following a certain control sequence in each part.Finally,the analysis results of each part are matched and filtered to obtain a complete evaluation.Five types of the most commonly controllable resources are considered in this method.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study based on field data from an actual distribution system.

Operational Reliability Modeling and Assessment of Battery Energy Storage Based on Lithium-ion Battery Lifetime Degradation

Battery energy storage(BES)systems can effectively meet the diversified needs of power system dispatching and assist in renewable energy integration.The reliability of energy storage is essential to ensure the operational safety of the power grid.However,BES systems are composed of battery cells.This suggests that BES performance depends not only on the configuration but also on the operating state over different lifetime durations.The lack of safety and reliability is the main bottleneck preventing widespread applications of BES systems.Therefore,a reliability assessment algorithm and a weak-link analytical method for BES systems are proposed while considering battery lifetime degradation.Firstly,a novel lithium-ion battery model is proposed to identify the degradation rate of solid electrolyte interphase film formation and capacity plummeting.The impacts of different operating conditions are considered in stress factor models.Then,a reliability assessment algorithm for a BES system is introduced based on a universal generating function.An innovative weak-link analytical method based on the reliability importance index is proposed that combines the evaluation results of state-oriented and state-change-oriented indexes through an entropy weight method.The model,algorithm,indexes,and the usefulness are demonstrated in case studies based on aging test data and actual bus operating data.The results demonstrate the effects of the battery status and working conditions on BES reliability.Weak-link analysis is also used to assist BES systems in avoiding short-board batteries to achieve long lifetimes and efficient operation.