Characteristics of Salvia miltiorrhiza methylome and the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in tanshinone biosynthesis

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a model medicinal plant with significant economic and medicinal value.Its roots produce a group of diterpenoid lipophilic bioactive components,termed tanshinones.Biosynthesis and regulation of tanshinones has attracted widespread interest.However,the methylome of S.miltiorrhiza has not been analysed and the regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in tanshinone production is largely unknown.Here we report single-base resolution DNA methylomes from roots and leaves.Comparative analysis revealed differential methylation patterns for CG,CHG,and CHH contexts and the association between DNA methylation and the expression of genes and small RNAs.Lowly methylated genes always had higher expression levels and 24-nucleotide sRNAs could be key players in the RdDM pathway in S.miltiorrhiza.DNA methylation variation analysis showed that CHH methylation contributed mostly to the difference.Go enrichment analysis showed that diterpenoid biosynthetic process was significantly enriched for genes with downstream overlapping with hypoCHHDMR in July_root when comparing with those in March_root.Tanshinone biosynthesis-related enzyme genes,such as DXS2,CMK,IDI1,HMGR2,DXR,MDS,CYP76AH1,2OGD25,and CYP71D373,were less CHH methylated in gene promoters or downstream regions in roots collected in July than those collected in March.Consistently,gene expression was up-regulated in S.miltiorrhiza roots collected in July compared with March and the treatment of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine significantly promoted tanshinone production.It suggests that DNA methylation plays a significant regulatory role in tanshinone biosynthesis in S.miltiorrhiza through changing the levels of CHH methylation in promoters or downstreams of key enzyme genes.

Classification of gradient steady Ricci solitons with linear curvature decay

In this paper,we study steady Ricci solitons with a linear decay of sectional curvature.In particular,we give a complete classification of 3-dimensional steady Ricci solitons and 4-dimensional K-noncollapsed steady Ricci solitons with non-negative sectional curvature under the linear curvature decay.

Steady Ricci solitons with horizontally ε-pinched Ricci curvature

In this paper,we prove that anyκ-noncollapsed gradient steady Ricci soliton with nonnegative curvature operator and horizontallyκ-pinched Ricci curvature must be rotationally symmetric.As an application,we show that anyκ-noncollapsed gradient steady Ricci soliton(Mn,g,f)with nonnegative curvature operator must be rotationally symmetric if it admits a unique equilibrium point and its scalar curvature R(x)satisfies lim_(ρ(x)→∞)R(x)f(x)=C_(0)sup_(x∈M)R(x)with C_(0)>n-2/2.