Ultrafast Carbonized Wood of Electrode-Scaled Aligned-Porous Structure for High-Performance Lithium Batteries

The use of carbonized wood in various functional devices is attracting considerable attention due to its low cost,vertical channels,and high electrical conduction.However,the conventional carbonization method requires a long processing time and an inert atmosphere.Here,a microwave-assisted ultrafast carbonization technique was developed that carbonizes natural wood in seconds without the need for an inert atmosphere,and the obtained aligned-porous carbonized wood provided an excellent electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.This ultrafast carbonization technique simultaneously produced ZnO nanoparticles during the carbonization process that were uniformly distributed on the alignedporous carbon.The hierarchical structure of carbonized wood functionalized with ZnO nanoparticles was used as a host for achieving high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries:the highly conductive carbonized wood framework with vertical channels provided good electron transport pathways,and the homogeneously dispersed ZnO nanoparticles effectively adsorbed lithium polysulfide and catalyzed its conversion reactions.In summary,a new method was developed to realize the ultrafast carbonization of biomass materials with decorated metal oxide nanoparticles.

Self-Assembly Effects of Seafood Waste and Cow Dung to Remediate Saline Soil

This research is based on the U8 (43) uniform table to conduct uniform experiments for improving saline soil. Different proportions of saline soil and silt, with a composted residue of marine fish and seashells that was mixed with sawdust and cow dung, were chosen as the assembly factors. The improvement coefficients for available nitrogen phosphorus of the mixed salt mud and for the production of tall fescue hay were adopted as the characterization values. According to the causal relations that were previously established by 64 types of permutations and combinations, the optimal assembly scheme with maximum characterization values was determined. The results indicate that the artificial soil that consisted of saline soil and silts in a ratio of 8:2;sea fish waste, shellfish trash and sawdust in a ratio of 5:4:1;and 8 kg of cow dung (10 wt%) is the best among the 64 types of composting treatments. Under the improved conditions, the predictive values of the increasing coefficients of valid nitrogen and valid phosphorus in the soil are 1.99 and 1.93, respectively;the predictive value of the tall fescue in a unit area production is 238.83 g·m-2. Its error accuracy is more than 99.82%. All of the above results indicate that utilizing the saline soil improvement media, which is composed of Haihe river silts, fish and shellfish slag, cow dung, and other wastes, provides a new option for saline soil improvement.

Directional amine-based solvent extraction for simultaneous enhanced water recovery,salt separation and effective descaling from hypersaline brines

The feasibility of simultaneous water recovery,salt separation and effective descaling of hypersaline brine was investigated by diisopropylamine(DIPA)-based directional solvent extraction(DSE),using diluted/concentrated seawater with initial saline concentration range of 12–237 g/L at extraction temperatures of 5 and 15℃,respectively.The water recovery shows an obvious boundary at saline concentration of 115 g/L under dual effect of specific water extraction efficiency and extraction cycles.High Cl^(–) ion concentration in product water is in sharp contrast to the nearly complete removal of SO_(4)^(2–)and hardness ions,indicating that DIPA-based DSE process indeed achieved efficient separation and purification of Cl^(–) ion from hypersaline brines.Especially,the radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+)ions in form of Mg(OH)_(2)and CaCO_(3)demonstrates effective descaling potential,although it leads to more DIPA residues in dewatered raffinate than product water.Moreover,an exponential correlation between the Cl^(–) removal efficiency and specific water extraction efficiency further reveals the intrinsic relationship of water extraction process and transfer of Cl^(–) ion to the product water.Overall,the study provides a novel approach for integrating the water recovery and separation of Cl^(–) ion from ultra-high-salinity brines with radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+) ions in one step.

An in-situ polymerized interphase engineering for high-voltage allsolid- state lithium-metal batteries

All-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)have attracted great interest due to their promising energy density and strong safety.However,the interface issues,including large interfacial resistance between electrode and electrolyte and low electrochemical stability of solid-state electrolytes against high-voltage cathodes,have restricted the development of high-voltage ASSLBs.Herein,we report an ASSLB with stable cycling by adopting a conformal polymer interlayer in-situ formed at the Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO)–cathode interfaces.The polymer can perfectlyfill the voids and create a stable interface contact between LLZTO and cathodes.In addition,the electric field across the polymer interlayer is reduced compared with pure solid polymer electrolyte(SPE),which facilitates the electrochemical stability with high-voltage cathode.The all-solid-state Li|LLZTO-SPE|LiFe_(0.4)Mn_(0.6)PO_(4)(LMFP)cells achieve a low interface impedance,high specific capacity,and excellent cycling performance.This work presents an effective and practical strategy to rationally design the electrode–electrolyte interface for the application of high-voltage ASSLBs.

跨境直接电子商务税收征管国际比较与借鉴

跨境直接电子商务呈现出的参与主体多边化、贸易活动高效化、贸易信息隐蔽化、产品服务数字化等特征对数字经济参与国原有的税收征管制度产生冲击。本文围绕跨境直接电子商务是否应该征税、税收管辖权和税收征管方式等问题展开讨论,通过分析比较欧盟、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)等国际组织以及新西兰、南非等国家跨境直接电子商务税收征管制度与实践,针对我国跨境直接电子商务现状提出尽快出台税收政策对数字产品进行定性,明确税目及增值税税率,坚持来源地税收管辖权,选择非居民注册登记、逆向课征和运用电子技术征收税款三种模式相结合的方式完善跨境直接电子商务税收征管制度等建议。

Influencing mechanism of high solid concentration on anaerobic mono-digestion of sewage sludge without agitation

High-solids anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was a promising process, but high solid concentra- tion negatively influenced methane production. The influencing mechanism was systematically analyzed in this study through a series of static anaerobic digestion experiments at total solids （TS） contents of 3%--15%. The results showed that TS 6% was the boundary between low- solids and high-solids anaerobic digestion, and the accumulative methane yield decreased exponentially when TS increased from 6% to 15%. The performance of anaerobic digestion was directly determined by the efficiency of mass transfer, and the relation between methane yield and sludge diffusive coefficients was well described by a power function. Thus, the increasing TS resulted in an exponential increase in sludge viscosity but an exponential decrease in diffusive coefficient. The blocked mass transfer led to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and free ammonia. Acetic metabolism was the main process, whereas butyric and propionic metabolisms occurred at the initial stage of high-solids anaerobic digestion. The concentration of VFAs reached the maximum at the initial stage, which were still lower than the threshold influencing methanogens. The concen- tration of free ammonia increased gradually, and the methanogenesis was inhibited when free ammonia nitro- gen exceeded 50 mg.L^-1. Consequently, the deterioration of high-solids anaerobic digestion was related to the blocked mass transfer and the resulting ammonia accumu- lation.

Oscillation-specific nodal alterations in early to middle stages Parkinson’s disease

Background:Different oscillations of brain networks could carry different dimensions of brain integration.We aimed to investigate oscillation-specific nodal alterations in patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD)across early stage to middle stage by using graph theory-based analysis.Methods:Eighty-eight PD patients including 39 PD patients in the early stage(EPD)and 49 patients in the middle stage(MPD)and 36 controls were recruited in the present study.Graph theory-based network analyses from three oscillation frequencies(slow-5:0.01–0.027 Hz;slow-4:0.027–0.073 Hz;slow-3:0.073–0.198 Hz)were analyzed.Nodal metrics(e.g.nodal degree centrality,betweenness centrality and nodal efficiency)were calculated.Results:Our results showed that(1)a divergent effect of oscillation frequencies on nodal metrics,especially on nodal degree centrality and nodal efficiency,that the anteroventral neocortex and subcortex had high nodal metrics within low oscillation frequencies while the posterolateral neocortex had high values within the relative high oscillation frequency was observed,which visually showed that network was perturbed in PD;(2)PD patients in early stage relatively preserved nodal properties while MPD patients showed widespread abnormalities,which was consistently detected within all three oscillation frequencies;(3)the involvement of basal ganglia could be specifically observed within slow-5 oscillation frequency in MPD patients;(4)logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that some of those oscillation-specific nodal alterations had the ability to well discriminate PD patients from controls or MPD from EPD patients at the individual level;(5)occipital disruption within high frequency(slow-3)made a significant influence on motor impairment which was dominated by akinesia and rigidity.Conclusions:Coupling various oscillations could provide potentially useful information for large-scale network and progressive oscillation-specific nodal alterations were observed in PD patients across early to middle stages.

Retrieval of Brown Carbon based on the aerosol complex refractive indices in the winter of Wuhan

The impact of Brown Carbon (BrC) to aerosol light absorption has been paid more attention recently and there are a large number of studies showing that the influence of BrC on radiative forcing should not be ignored.BrC also acts as an important component of haze pollution which is occurring frequently in Wuhan,China.Therefore,it is essential to estimate their optical properties,composition,and mass concentration.Considering most haze pollution happens during the coldest time,we retrieved BrC columnar content during winter in Wuhan for the first time.Our method bases on the fact that BrC showed the strong spectral dependence on UV-light absorption.Using this method,we found that BrC makes up the small proportions of total aerosol volume (less than 10％).In the winter of 2011,we retrieved the daily-averaged columnar-integrated mass concentration of BrC on clear day is 4.353 mg/m2 while that of haze day is 12.750 mg/m2.According to the sensitivity study,we found that the results highly relied on the assumed aerosol refractive index.To reduce the uncertainty of this approach,we need to gain a better understanding of the temporal variability of the radiation absorbing components of these aerosols in the future.