钢-混凝土组合扁梁受弯性能理论分析与试验

钢-混凝土组合扁梁楼盖以其楼盖结构高度小、防火性能好、下表面平整观感好、便于管线铺设以及在经济跨度范围内梁高更小的优势,在国外(特别是英国和北欧地区)得到了较广泛的应用。实际工程中,钢-混凝土组合扁梁楼盖应用较多的是SP预应力混凝土叠合楼板和深肋压型钢板组合楼板,用于住宅建筑时,存在以下不足:1)钢梁下翼缘外露,需要进行防腐防火保护;2)深肋压型钢板组合扁梁下翼缘不平整需做吊顶,增加了成本和结构高度;3)SP预应力混凝土叠合楼板和深肋压型钢板组合楼板均为单向板,导致楼盖厚度较大,且楼盖高度难以进一步降低等,制约了钢-混凝土组合扁梁楼盖在实际工程中的应用。为此,提出了预制叠合密肋楼板和预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁楼盖的概念,预制叠合密肋楼板由预制带肋底板和现浇层组成,可实现双向传力。由于该新型预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁楼盖区别于传统的SP预应力混凝土叠合楼板和深肋压型钢板组合扁梁楼盖,为研究该新型组合扁梁楼盖预制叠合密肋楼板与钢梁协同工作性能及其设计方法,结合某高层钢结构住宅示范工程的设计,对该新型钢-混凝土组合扁梁的受弯性能进行了理论分析与试验研究。设计制作了2个预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁试验试件,主要变化参数为钢梁腹板开孔形式和剪力键设置方式。钢梁采用焊接不等翼缘钢梁,楼板采用预制叠合密肋楼板,预制板均不出筋。钢材牌号为Q345B,楼板混凝土强度等级为C35,钢筋为HRB400级。试件计算长度为3 800 mm,几何长度为4 000 mm。通过试验研究该新型钢-混凝土组合扁梁的承载能力、延性、变形性能、裂缝开展、应力及应变发展情况等。在试验研究的基础上,提出了预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁抗弯极限承载力计算简化假定,并基于破坏强度理论推导了预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁抗弯极限承载力计算公式。通过理论分析和试验研究得到以下结论:1)预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁具有优良的承载能力和延性性能。试件挠跨比达到1/32时,试件承载力仍未有明显下降,试件呈延性破坏特征。2)在钢梁下翼缘边缘和受拉钢筋屈服时,试件达到屈服承载力;在钢梁全截面屈服、受拉和受压钢筋屈服、受压区混凝土压溃时,试件达到极限承载力。在峰值荷载之前,混凝土和钢梁截面应变分布近似呈线性分布,可以采用平截面假定。3)基于破坏强度理论提出的预制叠合密肋楼板组合扁梁的抗弯承载力计算公式,与试验结果吻合良好,且偏于安全。

Validation and invalidation of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors using the Flip-GFP and Protease-Glo luciferase assays

SARS-CoV-2 main protease(M^(pro))is one of the most extensively exploited drug targets for COVID-19.Structurally disparate compounds have been reported as M^(pro) inhibitors,raising the question of their target specificity.To elucidate the target specificity and the cellular target engagement of the claimed M^(pro) inhibitors,we systematically characterize their mechanism of action using the cell-free FRET assay,the thermal shift-binding assay,the cell lysate Protease-Glo luciferase assay,and the cell-based FlipGFP assay.Collectively,our results have shown that majority of the M^(pro) inhibitors identified from drug repurposing including ebselen,carmofur,disulfiram,and shikonin are promiscuous cysteine inhibitors that are not specific to M^(pro),while chloroquine,oxytetracycline,montelukast,candesartan,and dipyridamole do not inhibit M^(pro) in any of the assays tested.Overall,our study highlights the need of stringent hit validation at the early stage of drug discovery.

The Phytophthora effector Avh241 interacts with host NDR1-like proteins to manipulate plant immunity

Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization.Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection,the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood.Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1(NDR1)-like proteins,the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity(ETI)responses,as host targets of Avh241.Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1-participated ETI responses.Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P.sojae infection,and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection,which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P.sojae.Furthermore,we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself,and Avh241 probably disrupts the self-association of GmNDR1.These data highlight an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses,likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.

Fg12 ribonuclease secretion contributes to Fusarium graminearum virulence and induces plant cell death

Filamentous fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection. Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen responsible for various devastating diseases. However, little is known about the function of effector proteins secreted by F. graminearum. Herein, we identified several effector candidates in the F. graminearum secretome. Among them, the secreted ribonuclease Fg12 was highly upregulated during the early stages of F. graminearum infection in soybean;its deletion compromised the virulence of F. graminearum. Transient expression of Fg12 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced cell death in a light-dependent manner. Fg12 possessed ribonuclease(RNase) activity, degrading total RNA. The enzymatic activity of Fg12 was required for its cell death-promoting effects. Importantly, the ability of Fg12 to induce cell death was independent of BAK1/SOBIR1, and treatment of soybean with recombinant Fg12 protein induced resistance to various pathogens, including F. graminearum and Phytophthora sojae. Overall, our results provide evidence that RNase effectors not only contribute to pathogen virulence but also induce plant cell death.

Mapping the emergence of visual consciousness in the human brain via brain-wide intracranial electrophysiology

Consciousness lies at the heart of our existence and experience.To probe how perceptual consciousness emerges in the brain,we recorded brainwide intracranial electroencephalography signals from human patients while their perceptual consciousness was effectively manipulated using the continuous flash suppression paradigm.We observed substantial differences in brain activities when visual information gradually enters consciousness.