BiVO_(4)is one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical(PEC)solar energy conversion,but it still suffers from poor photocurrent density due to insufficient light‐harvesting efficiency(LHE),...BiVO_(4)is one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical(PEC)solar energy conversion,but it still suffers from poor photocurrent density due to insufficient light‐harvesting efficiency(LHE),weak photogenerated charge separation efficiency(Φ_(Sep)),and low water oxidation efficiency(Φ_(OX)).Herein,we tackle these challenges of the BiVO_(4)photoanodes using systematic engineering,including catalysis engineering,bandgap engineering,and morphology engineering.In particular,we deposit a NiCoO_(x)layer onto the BiVO_(4)photoanode as the oxygen evolution catalyst to enhance theΦ_(OX)of Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4)/BiVO_(4)for PEC water oxidation,and incorporate Fe‐doped graphite‐phase C_(3)N_(4)(Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4))into the BiVO_(4)photoanode to optimize the bandgap and surface areas to subsequently expand the light absorption range of the photoanode from 530 to 690 nm,increase the LHE andΦ_(Sep),and further improve the oxygen evolution reaction activity of the NiCoO_(x)catalytic layer.Consequently,the maximum photocurrent density of the as‐prepared NiCoO_(x)/Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4)/BiVO_(4)is remarkably boosted from 4.6 to 7.4 mA cm^(−2).This work suggests that the proposed systematic engineering strategy is exceptionally promising for improving LHE,Φ_(Sep),andΦ_(OX)of BiVO_(4)‐based photoanodes,which will substantially benefit the design,preparation,and large‐scale application of next‐generation high‐performance photoanodes.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have a high theoretical capacity,which is considered as one of the most promising high-energy-density secondary batteries due to the double electrons reaction of sulfur.However,the shuttl...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have a high theoretical capacity,which is considered as one of the most promising high-energy-density secondary batteries due to the double electrons reaction of sulfur.However,the shuttle effects of lithium polysulfides(Li PSs)and sluggish redox kinetics lead to their materials capacity loss and cycle stability deterioration,which restrains LSBs commercialization.Metallic compounds as additions can improve the electrochemical performance of the Li-S system,through the trap of Li PSs and accelerate the conversion of the soluble Li PSs.Among of them,the iron group elements(Fe,Ni,Co)-based compounds are the promising materials for the LSBs,due to their unique outer electronic structure and its tunable properties,low cost,abundant in the earth,environmental benignity,controllable and scalable prepared,and so on.In this review,we have made a summary for iron-based compounds to capture Li PSs according to lithium bond,sulfur bond and magnetic force.The type of iron-based compound including oxides,sulfides,nitrides,phosphides,carbides,and so on,and we have investigated the electrocatalytic mechanism of these materials.Besides,some improvement strategies are proposed,such as the engineering of the special micro/nanostructure,defect concentrations,band structures,and heterostructures.We hope to shed an in-depth light on the rationally design and fabrication of robust,commercial and stable materials for high-performance LSBs.展开更多
BACKGROUND： With the age growing, changes of behavioral problems in children whose parents had schizophrenia, differences of related factors and ways for particular intervention should be further studied. OBJECTIVE：...BACKGROUND： With the age growing, changes of behavioral problems in children whose parents had schizophrenia, differences of related factors and ways for particular intervention should be further studied. OBJECTIVE： To survey the behavioral problems in children of different aged patients with chizophrenia and investigate the correlation between behavioral problems and related factors in different aged groups. DESIGN： Cross-sectional study. SETTING： Shandong Mental Health Center. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 364 patients with schizophrenia were selected from eleven psychiatric hospitals from June 1999 to June 2000. There were 179 males and 185 females, and their ages ranged from 28 to 45 years. All patients met modified diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia （the second edition）, China Classification of Mental Diseases and Diagnostic Criteria. Meanwhile, children of the 364 patients were grouped based on their ages, including 6 - 1 l years old group [n -217; 114 males and 103 females; mean age of （9±2） years] and 12 - 16 years old group [n = 147; 99 males and 48 females; mean age of （14±1） years]. The Chinese norms of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List were regarded as the normal control group. METHODS： Children who received self-made mental health related factors inventory and Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List were involved in this study. All children and their parents provided the confirmed consent. Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List was used for parents to mainly evaluate children, and the results manifested various behavioral problems based on different sexes and different ages. Self-made mental health related factors inventory contained questionnaires for parents and children, respectively. In this study, home situation of parents as well as personality characteristics and educational styles of children were mainly evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Scores of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List in different aged children; ② Scores of self-made mental health related factors inventory based on different home situations and educational styles. RESULTS： Children of 364 patients were involved in the final analysis. ① There were no significant differences in total score of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List and sex in the two groups （P 〉 0.05）. There were significant differences in schizoid, body recount, aggression, depression, hyperactivity, violating discipline, compulsion and total abnormal rate of boys between the 6 - 11 years old group and the normal control group （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. In addition, there were also significant differences in poor communication, depression, hyperactivity, violating discipline, compulsion and total abnormal rate of girls between the 6 - 11 years old group and the normal control group （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. ② As compared with normal control group,scores of home environment in the two aged groups demonstrated that educational level was low; interpersonal relationship was poor; relation to children was not closed; relationship between husband and wife was not harmonious; positive rate of family history was high; economic status was poor; family atmosphere was poor. Therefore, there was significant difference （P 〈 0.01）. Educational level in parental generation and single parent family in the 6 - 11 years old group were higher than that in the 12 - 16 years old group, with significant difference （P 〈 0.05）. As compared with the normal control group, results of education demonstrated that children in the two aged groups had poor communication with other children; they had poor behaviors in schools; most of them were boarded and had poor relationship with their parents; teaching styles for children were different. CONCLUSION： All children of different aged patients with schizophrenia had poor home environment and education; and they were often affected by other factors. Behavioral problems were changed with the age growing; in addition, these changes were related to home environment, education and society. Therefore, comprehensive intervention may be an ideal method.展开更多
Membranes with high ion conductivity and selectivity are important for vanadium redox flow batteries.Herein, densely quaternized anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium functionalized octa-benzylmethyl-c...Membranes with high ion conductivity and selectivity are important for vanadium redox flow batteries.Herein, densely quaternized anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium functionalized octa-benzylmethyl-containing poly(fluorenyl ether ketone)s(QA-OMPFEKs) were prepared from the(i) condensation polymerization of a newly developed octa-benzylmethyl-containing bisphenol monomer via Ullmann coupling,(ii) bromination at the benzylmethyl sites using N-bromosuccinimide, and(iii)quaternization of the bromomethyl groups using trimethylamine. The QA-OMPFEK-20 with an ion exchange capacity(IEC) of 1.66 mmolg^-1 exhibited a higher SO42-conductivity(9.62mScm^-1) than that of the QA-TMPFEK-40(4.82mScm^-1) at room temperature, which had a slightly higher IEC of 1.73 mmolg-1but much lower QA density.The enhanced SO42-conductivity of QA-OMPFEK-20 was attributed to the ion-segregated structure arising from the densely anchored QA groups, which was validated by SAXS observation. Furthermore, the QA-OMPFEK-20 showed much lower VO2+permeability(1.24×10^-14m^2s^-1) than QA-TMPFEK-40(5.40×10^-13m^2s^-1) and Nafion N212(5.36×10^-12m^2s^-1), leading to improved Coulombic and energy efficiencies in Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs). Therefore, the Ullmann coupling extension is a valuable approach for the development of high performance anion exchange membranes for VRFBs.展开更多
基金Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:22108042Guangzhou(202201020147)。
文摘BiVO_(4)is one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical(PEC)solar energy conversion,but it still suffers from poor photocurrent density due to insufficient light‐harvesting efficiency(LHE),weak photogenerated charge separation efficiency(Φ_(Sep)),and low water oxidation efficiency(Φ_(OX)).Herein,we tackle these challenges of the BiVO_(4)photoanodes using systematic engineering,including catalysis engineering,bandgap engineering,and morphology engineering.In particular,we deposit a NiCoO_(x)layer onto the BiVO_(4)photoanode as the oxygen evolution catalyst to enhance theΦ_(OX)of Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4)/BiVO_(4)for PEC water oxidation,and incorporate Fe‐doped graphite‐phase C_(3)N_(4)(Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4))into the BiVO_(4)photoanode to optimize the bandgap and surface areas to subsequently expand the light absorption range of the photoanode from 530 to 690 nm,increase the LHE andΦ_(Sep),and further improve the oxygen evolution reaction activity of the NiCoO_(x)catalytic layer.Consequently,the maximum photocurrent density of the as‐prepared NiCoO_(x)/Fe‐g‐C_(3)N_(4)/BiVO_(4)is remarkably boosted from 4.6 to 7.4 mA cm^(−2).This work suggests that the proposed systematic engineering strategy is exceptionally promising for improving LHE,Φ_(Sep),andΦ_(OX)of BiVO_(4)‐based photoanodes,which will substantially benefit the design,preparation,and large‐scale application of next‐generation high‐performance photoanodes.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B090919005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1801257,21975056,and 22179025)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have a high theoretical capacity,which is considered as one of the most promising high-energy-density secondary batteries due to the double electrons reaction of sulfur.However,the shuttle effects of lithium polysulfides(Li PSs)and sluggish redox kinetics lead to their materials capacity loss and cycle stability deterioration,which restrains LSBs commercialization.Metallic compounds as additions can improve the electrochemical performance of the Li-S system,through the trap of Li PSs and accelerate the conversion of the soluble Li PSs.Among of them,the iron group elements(Fe,Ni,Co)-based compounds are the promising materials for the LSBs,due to their unique outer electronic structure and its tunable properties,low cost,abundant in the earth,environmental benignity,controllable and scalable prepared,and so on.In this review,we have made a summary for iron-based compounds to capture Li PSs according to lithium bond,sulfur bond and magnetic force.The type of iron-based compound including oxides,sulfides,nitrides,phosphides,carbides,and so on,and we have investigated the electrocatalytic mechanism of these materials.Besides,some improvement strategies are proposed,such as the engineering of the special micro/nanostructure,defect concentrations,band structures,and heterostructures.We hope to shed an in-depth light on the rationally design and fabrication of robust,commercial and stable materials for high-performance LSBs.
基金the Scientific and Technological Foundation of Shandong Public Health Bureau, No.1999A56
文摘BACKGROUND： With the age growing, changes of behavioral problems in children whose parents had schizophrenia, differences of related factors and ways for particular intervention should be further studied. OBJECTIVE： To survey the behavioral problems in children of different aged patients with chizophrenia and investigate the correlation between behavioral problems and related factors in different aged groups. DESIGN： Cross-sectional study. SETTING： Shandong Mental Health Center. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 364 patients with schizophrenia were selected from eleven psychiatric hospitals from June 1999 to June 2000. There were 179 males and 185 females, and their ages ranged from 28 to 45 years. All patients met modified diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia （the second edition）, China Classification of Mental Diseases and Diagnostic Criteria. Meanwhile, children of the 364 patients were grouped based on their ages, including 6 - 1 l years old group [n -217; 114 males and 103 females; mean age of （9±2） years] and 12 - 16 years old group [n = 147; 99 males and 48 females; mean age of （14±1） years]. The Chinese norms of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List were regarded as the normal control group. METHODS： Children who received self-made mental health related factors inventory and Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List were involved in this study. All children and their parents provided the confirmed consent. Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List was used for parents to mainly evaluate children, and the results manifested various behavioral problems based on different sexes and different ages. Self-made mental health related factors inventory contained questionnaires for parents and children, respectively. In this study, home situation of parents as well as personality characteristics and educational styles of children were mainly evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Scores of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List in different aged children; ② Scores of self-made mental health related factors inventory based on different home situations and educational styles. RESULTS： Children of 364 patients were involved in the final analysis. ① There were no significant differences in total score of Achenbach＇s Child Behavior Check List and sex in the two groups （P 〉 0.05）. There were significant differences in schizoid, body recount, aggression, depression, hyperactivity, violating discipline, compulsion and total abnormal rate of boys between the 6 - 11 years old group and the normal control group （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. In addition, there were also significant differences in poor communication, depression, hyperactivity, violating discipline, compulsion and total abnormal rate of girls between the 6 - 11 years old group and the normal control group （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. ② As compared with normal control group,scores of home environment in the two aged groups demonstrated that educational level was low; interpersonal relationship was poor; relation to children was not closed; relationship between husband and wife was not harmonious; positive rate of family history was high; economic status was poor; family atmosphere was poor. Therefore, there was significant difference （P 〈 0.01）. Educational level in parental generation and single parent family in the 6 - 11 years old group were higher than that in the 12 - 16 years old group, with significant difference （P 〈 0.05）. As compared with the normal control group, results of education demonstrated that children in the two aged groups had poor communication with other children; they had poor behaviors in schools; most of them were boarded and had poor relationship with their parents; teaching styles for children were different. CONCLUSION： All children of different aged patients with schizophrenia had poor home environment and education; and they were often affected by other factors. Behavioral problems were changed with the age growing; in addition, these changes were related to home environment, education and society. Therefore, comprehensive intervention may be an ideal method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51503038)
文摘Membranes with high ion conductivity and selectivity are important for vanadium redox flow batteries.Herein, densely quaternized anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium functionalized octa-benzylmethyl-containing poly(fluorenyl ether ketone)s(QA-OMPFEKs) were prepared from the(i) condensation polymerization of a newly developed octa-benzylmethyl-containing bisphenol monomer via Ullmann coupling,(ii) bromination at the benzylmethyl sites using N-bromosuccinimide, and(iii)quaternization of the bromomethyl groups using trimethylamine. The QA-OMPFEK-20 with an ion exchange capacity(IEC) of 1.66 mmolg^-1 exhibited a higher SO42-conductivity(9.62mScm^-1) than that of the QA-TMPFEK-40(4.82mScm^-1) at room temperature, which had a slightly higher IEC of 1.73 mmolg-1but much lower QA density.The enhanced SO42-conductivity of QA-OMPFEK-20 was attributed to the ion-segregated structure arising from the densely anchored QA groups, which was validated by SAXS observation. Furthermore, the QA-OMPFEK-20 showed much lower VO2+permeability(1.24×10^-14m^2s^-1) than QA-TMPFEK-40(5.40×10^-13m^2s^-1) and Nafion N212(5.36×10^-12m^2s^-1), leading to improved Coulombic and energy efficiencies in Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs). Therefore, the Ullmann coupling extension is a valuable approach for the development of high performance anion exchange membranes for VRFBs.
