Investigating safety and liability of autonomous vehicles:Bayesian random parameter ordered probit model analysis

Purpose–This study aims to investigate the safety and liability of autonomous vehicles(AVs),and identify the contributing factors quantitatively so as to provide potential insights on safety and liability of AVs.Design/methodology/approach–The actual crash data were obtained from California DMV and Sohu websites involved in collisions of AVs from 2015 to 2021 with 210 observations.The Bayesian random parameter ordered probit model was proposed to reflect the safety and liability of AVs,respectively,as well as accommodating the heterogeneity issue simultaneously.Findings–The findings show that day,location and crash type were significant factors of injury severity while location and crash reason were significant influencing the liability.Originality/value–The results provide meaningful countermeasures to support the policymakers or practitioners making strategies or regulations about AV safety and liability.

向云芳扎染的题材、技术与艺术特征

凤凰扎染技艺是湖南民间印染工艺之一,主要通过'针扎'和'捆扎'两种工艺来进行制作,2015年被列入湖南省第三批省级非物质文化遗产名录。向云芳作为凤凰扎染技艺的省级传承人,自小开始学习扎染工艺,掌握了多种传统扎染技法。向云芳的扎染技艺精湛,作品图案丰富,在她几十年的扎染历程中,从未停止探索与创新,不论是她的扎染题材,还是扎染工艺,都在传统扎染的基础上有了很大的创新与突破,为凤凰扎染的发展付出了诸多心血。