The interaction between the nervous system and the stomatognathic system: from development to diseases

The crosstalk between the nerve and stomatognathic systems plays a more important role in organismal health than previously appreciated with the presence of emerging concept of the“brain-oral axis”.A deeper understanding of the intricate interaction between the nervous system and the stomatognathic system is warranted,considering their significant developmental homology and anatomical proximity,and the more complex innervation of the jawbone compared to other skeletons.In this review,we provide an in-depth look at studies concerning neurodevelopment,craniofacial development,and congenital anomalies that occur when the two systems develop abnormally.It summarizes the cross-regulation between nerves and jawbones and the effects of various states of the jawbone on intrabony nerve distribution.Diseases closely related to both the nervous system and the stomatognathic system are divided into craniofacial diseases caused by neurological illnesses,and neurological diseases caused by an aberrant stomatognathic system.The two-way relationships between common diseases,such as periodontitis and neurodegenerative disorders,and depression and oral diseases were also discussed.This review provides valuable insights into novel strategies for neuro-skeletal tissue engineering and early prevention and treatment of orofacial and neurological diseases.

Invisible vapor catalysis in graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition

Vapor catalysis was recently found to play a crucial role in superclean graphene growth via chemical vapor decomposition(CVD).However,knowledge of vapor-phase catalysis is scarce,and several fundamental issues,including vapor compositions and their impact on graphene growth,are ambiguous.Here,by combining density functional theory(DFT)calculations,an ideal gas model,and a designed experiment,we found that the vapor was mainly composed of Cui clusters with tens of atoms.The vapor pressure was estimated to be~10^(-12)-10^(-1)1 bar under normal low-pressure CVD system(LPCVD)conditions for graphene growth,and the exposed surface area of Cui clusters in the vapor was 22-269 times that of the Cu substrate surface,highlighting the importance of vapor catalysis.DFT calculations show Cu clusters,represented by Cu17,have strong capabilities for adsorption,dehydrogenation,and decomposition of hydrocarbons.They exhibit an adsorption lifetime and reaction flux six orders of magnitude higher than those on the Cu surface,thus providing a sufficient supply of active C atoms for rapid graphene growth and improving the surface cleanliness of the synthesized graphene.Further experimental validation showed that increasing the amount of Cu vapor improved the as-synthesized graphene growth rate and surface cleanliness.This study provides a comprehensive understanding of vapor catalysis and the fundamental basis of vapor control for superclean graphene rapid growth.

Interface-modulated fabrication of hierarchical yolk-shell Co3O4/C dodecahedrons as stable anodes for lithium and sodium storage

Transition-metal oxides （TMOs） have gradually attracted attention from resear- chers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） and sodium-ion batteries （SIBs） because of their high theoretical capacity. However, their poor cycling stability and inferior rate capability resulting from the large volume variation during the lithiation/sodiation process and their low intrinsic electronic con- ductivity limit their applications. To solve the problems of TMOs, carbon-based metal-oxide composites with complex structures derived from metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） have emerged as promising electrode materials for LIBs and SIBs. In this study, we adopted a facile interface-modulated method to synthesize yolk-shell carbon-based Co3O4 dodecahedrons derived from ZIF-67 zeolitic imida- zolate frameworks. This strategy is based on the interface separation between the ZIF-67 core and the carbon-based shell during the pyrolysis process. The unique yolk-shell structure effectively accommodates the volume expansion during lithiation or sodiation, and the carbon matrix improves the electrical conductivity of the electrode. As an anode for LIBs, the yolk-shell Co3O4/C dodecahedrons exhibit a high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability （1,100 mAh.g-1 after 120 cycles at 200 mA-g-1）. As an anode for S1Bs, the composites exhibit an outstand- ing rate capability （307 mAh-g-1 at 1,000 mA-g-1 and 269 mAh.g-1 at 2,000 mA-g-1）. Detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis indicates that the energy storage for Li＋ and Na＋ in yolk-sheU Co3O4/C dodecahedrons shows a dominant capacitive behavior. This work introduces an effective approach for fabricating carbon- based metal-oxide composites by using MOFs as ideal precursors and as electrode materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of LIBs and SIBs.

Carbon-supported and nanosheet-assembled vanadium oxide microspheres for stable lithium-ion battery anodes

Naturally abundant transition metal oxides with high theoretical capacity have attracted more attention than commercial graphite for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion battery electrodes that exhibit excellent electrochemical performance can be efficiently achieved via three-dimensional （3D） architectures decorated with conductive polymers and carbon. As such, we developed 3D carbon-supported amorphous vanadium oxide microspheres and crystalline V203 microspheres via a facile solvothermal method. Both samples were assembled with ultrathin nanosheets, which consisted of uniformly distributed vanadium oxides and carbon. The formation processes were clearly revealed through a series of time-dependent experiments. These microspheres have numerous active reaction sites, high electronic conductivity, and excellent structural stability, which are all far superior to those of other lithium-ion battery anodes. More importantly, 95% of the second-cycle discharge capacity was retained after the amorphous microspheres were subjected to 7,000 cycles at a high rate of 2,000 mA/g. The crystalline microspheres also exhibited a high-rate and long-life performance, as evidenced by a 98% retention of the second-cycle discharge capacity after 9,000 cycles at a rate of 2,000 mA/g. Therefore, this facile solvothermal method as well as unique carbon-supported and nanosheet-assembled microspheres have significant potential for the synthesis of and use in, respectively, lithium-ion batteries.

Immunomodulatory hybrid bio-nanovesicle for self-promoted photodynamic therapy

Thylakoid(Tk)membranes are of unique superiority in photodynamic therapy(PDT)because they not only carry abundant chlorophylls containing photosensitizer porphyrin but also can produce O_(2).However,the current therapeutic performance of Tk is dramatically limited because of their poor tumor targeting and inefficient O_(2) production.Here,we report an immunomodulatory bio-nanovesicle of Tk membranes fused with M1 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles(M1 EV)for efficient PDT of tumors.The hybrid nanovesicle Tk@M1 was prepared by squeezing the Tk membranes of spinach with M1 EV.The systemic study confirmed that Tk@M1 can not only actively accumulate in tumors but also effectively regulate the inactive immune microenvironment of tumors.Such activated"hot"tumors significantly enhance the PDT efficacy of Tk@M1 attributed to the increased O_(2) from catalase catalyzed decomposition of augmented H_(2)O_(2),providing a novel idea about constructing natural systems for effective tumor treatment.