Baseline susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera,Plutella xylostella,and Spodoptera frugiperda to the meta-diamide insecticide broflanilide

Broflanilide is a novel meta-diamide insecticide that acts as a y-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel allosteric modulator.With its unique mode of action,broflanilide has no known cross-resistance with existing insecticides and is expected to be an effective tool for the management of insecticide resistance.Establishing the base-line susceptibility to this insecticide is an essential step for developing and implementing effective resistance management strategies.Here we evaluated the baseline susceptibil-ity to broflanilide for 3 cosmopolitan lepidopteran pest species,Helicoverpa armigera,Plutella xylostella,and Spodoptera frugiperda.Broflanilide exhibited high activity against populations sampled in the major distribution range of these pests in China,with median lethal concentrations(LCso)ranging between 0.209 and 0.684,0.076 and 0.336,and 0.075 and 0.219 mg/L for H.armigera,P xylostella,and S.frugiperda,respectively.Among-population variability in susceptibility to broflanilide was moderate for H.armigera(3.3-fold),P xylostella(4.4-fold),and S.frugiperda(2.9-fold).The recommended diagnostic concentrations for H.armigera,P xylostella,and S.frugiperda were 8,4,and 2 mg/L,re-spectively.Little or no cross-resistance to broflanilide was detected in 3 diamide-resistant strains of P xylostella and 1 spinosyns-resistant strain of S.frugiperda.Our results provide critical information for the development of effective resistance management programs to sustain efficacy of broflanilide against these key lepidopteran pests.