中国四川2008年5月12日汶川地震的地质与地球物理背景

2008年5月12日，在青藏高原东缘的龙门山，发生了Mw7．9地震。这一地震是在青藏高原长期隆升和向东推挤的背景下形成的。发生地震的区域有以下典型的地质特征：不是陡峭山前的活动汇聚造山带（包括地形起伏大于4km的情况），而是缺少高活动强度的低角度逆冲断层；虽拥有年轻的高地形（距今15Ma）和加厚的地壳，但是却只有低的GPS缩短率（小于3mm／a），并且缺少同时代的前陆沉积。在我们看来，青藏高原东部下面的地壳加厚不是因为上部地壳的大范围缩短，而是由于位于软弱层（低速层）中的深部地壳的韧性增厚。横跨龙门山的晚新生代缩短量可能仅有10—20km。且伴有主要造成青藏高原和四川盆地差异抬升的褶皱和断裂。5月12日的地震可能反映了青藏高原东部相对四川盆地的带有缓慢的汇聚和右旋走滑的长期抬升。5月12日地震邻区内GPS确定的速率表明，该地震的平均复发间隔大约为2000～10000年。

Methods for a blind analysis of isobar data collected by the STAR collaboration

In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.

采用微机械加工技术的微光学加速度计

表面微机械加工技术是实现单片集成微光学系统的一种新方法。本文介绍一种新型的采用微机械加工技术的微型光学加速度计 ,包括设计、关键器件的加工和测试 ,它是基于光线和光闸相互作用引起通光量变化的工作原理。这一微光学加速度计包含一个 2 μm厚的多晶硅光闸 ,光闸采用微弹簧支撑在基片上 ,微弹簧是长度为 2 0 0 μm的多晶硅褶曲梁 ,硅基片和微结构之间所夹的牺牲层采用氢氟酸湿法刻蚀去除。光闸设计为一个质量弹簧系统 ,对加速度力产生响应。

Characterization and performance of the Apollon short-focal-area facility following its commissioning at 1 PW level

We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the short-focal-length area of the Apollon laser facility(located in Saclay,France),which was performed with the first available laser beam(F2),scaled to a nominal power of 1 PW.Under the conditions that were tested,this beam delivered on-target pulses of 10 J average energy and 24 fs duration.Several diagnostics were fielded to assess the performance of the facility.The on-target focal spot and its spatial stability,the temporal intensity profile prior to the main pulse,and the resulting density gradient formed at the irradiated side of solid targets have been thoroughly characterized,with the goal of helping users design future experiments.Emissions of energetic electrons,ions,and electromagnetic radiation were recorded,showing good laser-to-target coupling efficiency and an overall performance comparable to that of similar international facilities.This will be followed in 2022 by a further commissioning stage at the multipetawatt level.

Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe freeelectron-laser measurements

The electrical conductivity of water under extreme temperatures and densities plays a central role in modeling planetary magnetic fields.Experimental data are vital to test theories of high-energy-densitywater and assess the possible development and presence of extraterrestrial life.These states are also important in biology and chemistry studies when specimens in water are confined and excited using ultrafast optical or free-electron lasers(FELs).Here we utilize femtosecond optical lasers to measure the transient reflection and transmission of ultrathin water sheet samples uniformly heated by a 13.6 nm FEL approaching a highly conducting state at electron temperatures exceeding 20000 K.The experiment probes the trajectory ofwater through the high-energy-density phase space and provides insights into changes in the index of refraction,charge carrier densities,andACelectrical conductivity at optical frequencies.At excitation energy densities exceeding 10MJ/kg,the index of refraction falls to n0.7,and the thermally excited free-carrier density reaches ne531027 m−3,which is over an order of magnitude higher than that of the electron carriers produced by direct photoionization.Significant specular reflection is observed owing to critical electron density shielding of electromagnetic waves.Themeasured optical conductivity reaches 23104 S/m,a value that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of simplemetals in a liquid state.At electron temperatures below 15000 K,the experimental results agreewell with the theoretical calculations using density-functional theory/molecular-dynamics simulations.With increasing temperature,the electron density increases and the system approaches a Fermi distribution.In this regime,the conductivities agree better with predictions from the Ziman theory of liquid metals.

汶川M_S8.0地震后中国四川西部温泉气的地球化学特征

为了探讨汶川MS8.0地震与温泉气地球化学特征之间的关系,分别在2008年6月、10月和2009年6月对中国西南地区四川西部32处温泉气进行了调查和样品采集,并针对三批次气样中的化学成分和He,Ne,C同位素比值进行了分析。数据显示,龙门山断裂带、鲜水河断裂带和岷江断裂带的温泉气中3He/4He,δ13CCO2含量在汶川大地震发生后明显增加。根据2008年6月测得的3He/4He最大值(7.42×10-6),预估在康定地区有高达62%的地幔氦增加进入到了温泉气中。随着时间的推移,地幔流体对温泉的贡献逐渐减少,但壳源气体,如有机物衍生出的CO2和CH4以及放射生成的He,其成分有所增强。温泉气的地球化学数据表明,在汶川MS8.0地震后,四川西部地区有更多的地幔流体迁移进入地壳中。

Mechanical properties of Al/a-C nanocomposite thin films synthesized using a plasma focus device

The Al/a-C nanocomposite thin films are synthesized on Si substrates using a dense plasma focus device with alu- minum fitted anode and operating with CH4/Ar admixture. X-ray diffractometer results confirm the formation of metallic crystalline Al phases using different numbers of focus shots. Raman analyses show the formation of D and G peaks for all thin film samples, confirming the presence of a-C in the nanocomposite thin films. The formation of Al/a-C nanocomposite thin films is further confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The scanning electron microscope results show that the deposited thin films consist of nanoparticles and their agglomerates. The sizes of th agglomerates increase with increasing numbers of focus deposition shots. The nanoindentation results show the variations in hardness and elastic modulus values of nanocomposite thin film with increasing the number of focus shots. Maximum values of hardness and elastic modulus of the composite thin film prepared using 20 focus shots are found to be about 10.7 GPa and 189.2 GPa, respectively.

Enhanced pitting corrosion resistance of a Zr-based metallic glass by ultraviolet light irradiation

The influence of ultraviolet light irradiation on the pitting corrosion performance of a Zr_(2)Ni metallic glass was examined using electrochemical methods and immersion test in 0.05 mol/L NaCl solution.From the results of potentiostatic polarization,the pitting potential of the ultraviolet light-irradiated sample shifted positively with a value of~300 mV,revealing the enhanced pitting corrosion resistance of the samples.The corrosion morphology after the immersion test also demonstrated lower degree of corrosion damage and improved pitting resistance of the sample with ultraviolet light irradiation.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed more zirconium enrichment in the passive film and no chloride ions adsorption for the samples with ultraviolet irradiation,accounting for the suppression of the pit generation and growth.Our findings indicate that ultraviolet light irradiation improves the pitting corrosion resistance of the Zr-based metallic glasses,which are promising structural materials to be used in corrosion environments with high ultraviolet irradiation.

Construction of Non-Equilibrium Gas Distribution Functions through Expansions in Peculiar Velocity Space

Gas distribution function plays a crucial role in the description of gas flows at the mesoscopic scale.In the presence of non-equilibrium flow,the distribution function loses its rotational symmetricity,making the mathematical derivation difficult.From both the Chapman-Enskog expansion and the Hermite polynomial expansion(Grad’s method),we observe that the non-equilibrium effect is closely related to the peculiar velocity space(C).Based on this recognition,we propose a new methodology to construct the non-equilibrium distribution function from the perspective of polynomial expansion in the peculiar velocity space of molecules.The coefficients involved in the non-equilibrium distribution function can be exactly determined by the compatibility conditions and the moment relationships.This new framework allows constructing non-equilibrium distribution functions at any order of truncation,and the ones at the third and the fourth order have been presented in this paper for illustration purposes.Numerical validations demonstrate that the new method is more accurate than the Grad’s method at the same truncation error for describing non-equilibrium effects.Two-dimensional benchmark tests are performed to shed light on the applicability of the new method to practical engineering problems.

Enhancing strength and ductility of AlSi10Mg fabricated by selective laser melting by TiB_(2)nanoparticles

In the metallic components fabricated by the emerging selective laser melting(SLM)technology,most strategies used for strengthening the materials sacrifice the ductility,leading to the so-called strengthductility trade-off.In the present study,we report that the strength and ductility of materials can be enhanced simultaneously by introducing nanoparticles,which can break the trade-off of the metallic materials.In the case of in-situ nano-TiB_(2)decorated AlSi10Mg composites,the introduced nanoparticles lead to columnar-to-equiaxed transition,grain refinement and texture elimination.With increasing content of nanoparticles,the strength increases continually.Significantly,the ductility first increases and then decreases.Our results show that the ductility is controlled by the competition between the crack-induced catastrophic fracture and ductile fracture associated with dislocation activities.The first increase of ductility is mainly attributed to the suppression of crack-induced catastrophic fracture when TiB_(2)nanoparticles present.With the further increase of TiB_(2)nanoparticles,the subsequent decrease of ductility is mainly controlled by dislocation activities.Thus,the materials will exhibit the optimum strength and ductility combination in a certain range of TiB_(2)nanoparticles.This study clarifies the physical mechanism controlling ductility for nano-TiB_(2)decorated Al Si10Mg composites,which provides the insights for the design of structural materials.

Relationship of Corrosion Behavior Between Single-Phase Equiatomic CoCrNi,CoCrNiFe,CoCrNiFeMn Alloys and Their Constituents in NaCl Solution

The composition is a significant issue for corrosion resistance of metallic materials.To reveal the correlation of corrosion behavior between multiprinciple alloys and their constituents,a series of single-phase equiatomic alloys of CoCrNi,CoCrNiFe and CoCrNiFeMn was fabricated.The electrochemical and scanning electron microscope results demonstrated that corrosion resistance of the equiatomic alloys in 0.1 M NaCl solution is located in the range but not the average value of their constituents.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the protective performance of passive film is mainly determined by the constituent with the highest corrosion resistance and the breakdown of passive film is mainly dominated by the elements with the highest corrosion rate.Our findings can guide the materials design of multiprinciple alloys with expected corrosion performance.

Measurement of away-side broadening with self-subtraction of flow in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV

High transverse momentum(pT)particle production is suppressed owing to the parton(jet)energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest pT has been difficult to measure,owing to large anisotropic backgrounds.We report a data-driven method for background evaluation and subtraction,exploiting the away-side pseudorapidity gaps,to measure the jetlike correlation shape in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV in the STAR experiment.The correlation shapes,for trigger particles pT>3GeV/c and various associated particle pT ranges within 0.5<pT<10GeV/c,are consistent with Gaussians,and their widths increase with centrality.The results indicate jet broadening in the medium created in central heavy-ion collisions.

Analysis of delivery and recalculation of dose using DICOM treatment records

Objective:A procedure has been proposed for patient-specific QA that,instead of comparing a measurement to the planned dose,compares the dose calculated by an independent system to the dose calculated by the planning system.It is still prudent,however,to check the accuracy of the beam delivery.For this purpose,the DICOM records from the first treatment fraction can be compared to the planned treatment using an in-house developed planning system.Methods:Totally 1,398 patient portals were subjected to the new QA procedure.The dose distribution for each portal was first recalculated on a water phantom by two treatment planning systems and the dose distributions were compared.When agreement was observed,the patient was allowed to start treatment without a measure-ment.The record from the first day was imported into an in-house planning system which was used to evaluate the delivery for errors and calculate the delivered dose distribution and compare it to the planned dose distribution.Results:A total of 266 portals passed a strict comparison between the clinical and QA dose calculations and directly used for treatment without measurements.For those portals,the comparison of the delivery records to the plan showed that 99%of spot positions deviated less than 0.2 mm and 99.7%of spot metersets deviated by less than 0.3%.On the other hand,64 portals showed spot size deviations greater than the tolerance of15%with some as large as25%.For 32 portals in which the record was used to calculate the delivered dose distribution,the Gamma passing rates between the planned and delivered distributions were always above 95%using a 2%dose difference and 2 mm distance-to-agreement criteria.Conclusions:The new QA process has been implemented slowly with strict constraints.The amount of beam time required has been reduced while maintaining safety.

XPS and micro-mechanical characterisation of nitrogen ion implanted low alloy steel

The surface composition of low alloy steel after N2+ implantation was studied with X-rayphoto-electron spectroscopy （XPS）. The effect of the implantation on the mechanical hardnesswas evaluated by ultra-micro hardness indentation. Chemical characterisation of the surface indi-cated that a thin layer rich in N, C and Si was formed. It is shown that Fe played little role in thechemical composition and the structure of the modified surface. The mechanical hardness of N2+implanted surface was 35-50 GPa compared with a value of 10 GPa for the untreated sample. Itis thought that the high hardness observed on the surface and in the sub-surface was as a resultof chemical modification to form a film of Si doped carbon nitride. There is strong evidence fromthe XPS and the nanoindentation studies that the bonding structure of the C-N in the near surfaceis essentially sp3 types expected in crystalline C3N4. The value of nitrogen ion implantation asprocess for improving the wear resistance of low alloy steels is emphasized.

Nanosize Effects on Structural and Electrlcal Properties of Conjugated Polymer Nanowires

1 Introduction Conjugated polymer nanofibers (nanowires,nanotubes,nanorods) are promising as building-blocks for many applications,such as bio- and chemical sensors and drug release,field emission or electrochromic displays,nanodevices,and nano OLEDs.Understanding the mechanisms responsible for their unique electrical,optical and electrochemical properties is thus a foremost point.Here,we report for the first time on a systematic study with the diameter of the electrical properties in Poly(3,4-ethylened...

超细节距线键合的镀钯铜线和裸铜线的研究

由于铜线较之金线明显节约成本,所以对铜(Cu)线键合的关注日益增长。但是,对铜线易腐蚀及封装可靠性的考虑推动产业开发替代材料。当前,敷钯铜(PdCu)线由于其改善了可靠性而已广泛使用。本文中,我们用0.6密耳PdCu线和裸铜线做实验。研究了PdCu烧球(FAB)的钯分布和晶粒结构。观测到电子灭火(EFO)电流和覆盖气体类型对钯分布有重大影响。测量了烧球(FAB)的硬度及与钯分布和晶粒结构的关系。对首次键合工艺响应作了定性研究。用高温存储测试研究了钯对线键合能力和线金属间键合的影响。PdCu线的这些结果与裸铜线进行了比较。

A Simplified Lattice Boltzmann Method without Evolution of Distribution Function

In this paper,a simplified lattice Boltzmann method(SLBM)without evolution of the distribution function is developed for simulating incompressible viscous flows.This method is developed from the application of fractional step technique to the macroscopic Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations recovered from lattice Boltzmann equation by using Chapman-Enskog expansion analysis.In SLBM,the equilibrium distribution function is calculated from the macroscopic variables,while the non-equilibrium distribution function is simply evaluated from the difference of two equilibrium distribution functions.Therefore,SLBM tracks the evolution of the macroscopic variables rather than the distribution function.As a result,lower virtual memories are required and physical boundary conditions could be directly implemented.Through numerical test at high Reynolds number,the method shows very nice performance in numerical stability.An accuracy test for the 2D Taylor-Green flow shows that SLBM has the second-order of accuracy in space.More benchmark tests,including the Couette flow,the Poiseuille flow as well as the 2D lid-driven cavity flow,are conducted to further validate the present method;and the simulation results are in good agreement with available data in literatures.

类铍离子双激发态能级和辐射及Auger跃迁率

用组态相互作用方法计算了类铍Ar^(14+)离子高双激发态能级结构及辐射和Auger跃迁率,发现与类氦离子的相应结果有所不同。结果表明这是由于类铍离子中的激发电子偏离了O(4)对称性的缘故。