湘北双季稻区种植翻压紫云英的氮肥减施效应

【目的】评价双季稻区冬闲田种植翻压紫云英模式下减施不同量氮肥对水稻产量和土壤理化性状的影响,为湘北稻区双季稻减肥增效提供理论依据。【方法】定位试验始于2009年,设置不施肥(CK),常规施肥(N100),种植翻压紫云英配合早稻及晚稻均减施常规量氮肥的0%、20%、40%、60%(MvN100、MvN80、MvN60、MvN40),以及单独种植利用紫云英(Mv)处理,共7个处理。测定各处理水稻产量、氮磷钾吸收量、土壤理化性质及6种碳氮磷循环相关水解酶(α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和碱性磷酸酶)活性。【结果】与N100处理相比,种植利用紫云英有明显的增产和节肥效果,其中,MvN100处理全年稻谷增产10.2%,MvN40处理全年稻谷不减产。在早稻季,种植利用紫云英条件下减施氮肥,在保证土壤全氮稳定的前提下显著提高了水稻地上部氮吸收量和利用效率。与N100比较,紫云英配合氮肥减施常规量的0~60%,水稻地上部氮吸收量显著增加16.6%~43.4%,同时氮肥利用率提高8.4%~37.8%。单独紫云英处理的早晚稻土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关水解酶活性最高,与N100处理相比,MvN80和MvN60处理下α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性显著提高。相关性分析结果表明,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量与水稻产量显著相关,聚合增强树分析(ABT)进一步证实土壤有效磷对早晚稻产量贡献率最大,分别是30.4%和50.2%。【结论】连续10年的试验充分证明,在种植翻压紫云英条件下,早稻季减施常规量氮肥60%、晚稻季减施常规量氮肥40%,可提高水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收量和土壤酶活性,可满足水稻正常生产。供试土壤丰富的有效磷和速效钾含量是减施氮肥确保水稻产量的重要因素。

豫南紫云英水稻轮作区减施不同比例氮肥对水稻养分吸收和转运的影响

【目的】研究水稻–紫云英轮作体系中,翻压紫云英并减施氮肥对不同生育期水稻养分吸收、转运特征,以及对土壤养分状况的影响,为豫南稻区紫云英–水稻轮作模式氮肥的科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】长期定位试验位于河南信阳,始于2008年。试验设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(N100),以及种植并翻压紫云英条件下,氮肥为常规处理用量的100%(GN100)、80%(GN80)、60%(GN60)、40%(GN40),共6个处理。测定了水稻产量、关键生育期生物量、氮磷钾养分吸收量、土壤基础养分含量,分析了水稻养分吸收及土壤养分供应对水稻产量的影响。【结果】与N100处理相比,GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100处理水稻产量无显著差异,GN40和GN60处理氮肥农学效率分别增加213.41%和113.70%,GN40、GN60和GN80处理氮肥偏生产力分别增加162.17%、75.69%、34.39%。与N100处理相比,GN100和GN80处理抽穗期秸秆生物量分别增加17.22%和41.06%,成熟期秸秆生物量分别增加28.22%和20.92%。与N100处理相比,GN60、GN80和GN100处理成熟期稻谷氮吸收量分别增加31.34%、31.79%和20.13%,GN60、GN80成熟期稻谷磷吸收量分别增加14.23%和14.61%,GN80处理成熟期稻谷钾吸收量增加10.64%。与N100处理相比,GN60处理氮转运量增加12.54 kg/hm^(2);GN40、GN60和GN80处理磷转运量分别显著增加11.32、23.02和18.09 kg/hm^(2),磷转运率分别增加35.92、41.22和39.91个百分点,磷对稻谷转运贡献率分别增加39.36、74.60和57.93个百分点。与N100处理相比,GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100能充分满足水稻生长过程中对土壤无机氮需求;GN60、GN80处理分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期土壤有效磷含量显著降低;GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100处理分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤速效钾含量显著降低。随机森林分析结果表明各生育期土壤有效磷含量和水稻分蘖期氮、磷、钾吸收量对水稻产量形成有较大的贡献。线性回归分析表明,分蘖期和抽穗期土壤养分含量以及各生育期地上部氮、磷、钾吸收量与稻谷产量呈显著正相关。【结论】在我国豫南紫云英–水稻轮作区,翻压紫云英配合氮肥减施40%,能够培育土壤碳、氮库,满足土壤氮素供应,促进水稻对磷、钾养分的吸收和积累,增加籽粒氮、磷、钾养分转运量,提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力,实现水稻增产稳产。

Effects of long-term application of different green manures on ferric iron reduction in a red paddy soil in Southern China

Dissimilatory Fe（Ⅲ） reduction is an important process in the geochemical cycle of iron in anoxic environment. As the main products of dissimilatory iron reduction, the Fe（Ⅱ） species accumulation could indicate the reduction ability. The effects of different green manures on Fe（Ⅲ） reduction in paddy soil were explored based on a 31-year rice-rice-winter green manure cropping experiment. Four treatments were involved, i.e., rice-rice-milk vetch （RRV）, rice-rice-rape （RRP）, rice-rice-ryegrass （RRG） and rice-rice-winter fallow （RRF）. Soils were sampled at flowering stage of milk vetch and rape （S1）, before transplantation （S2）, at tillering （S3）, jointing （S4）, and mature （S5） stages of the early rice, and after the harvest of the late rice （S6）. The contents of TFeHa （HCI-extractable total Fe）, Fe（Ⅱ）HCI （HCI-extractable Fe（Ⅱ） species） and Fe（Ⅲ）HCI （HCI- extractable Fe（Ⅲ） species） were measured. The correlations among those Fe species with selected soil environmental factors and the dynamic characteristics of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation were investigated. The results showed that TFeHc~ in RRF was significantly higher than those in the green manure treatments at most of the sampling stages. Fe（II）Ha increased rapidly after the incorporation of green manures in all treatments and kept rising with the growth of early rice. Fe（Ⅱ）Ha in RRG was quite different from those in other treatments, i.e., it reached the highest at the S2 stage, then increased slowly and became the lowest one at the S4 and S5 stages. Fe（Ⅲ）Ha showed oppositely, and Fe（Ⅱ）HCI/Fe（Ⅲ）HCI performed similarly to Fe（Ⅱ）HCI The maximum accumulation potential of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI was significantly higher in RRF, while the highest maximum reaction rate of Fe（Ⅱ）Ha accumulation appeared in RRG. Significant correlations were found between the indexes of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation and soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential （Eh） and total organic acids, respectively. In together, we found that long-term application of green manures decreased the TFeHa in red paddy soils, but promoted the ability of Fe（lll） reduction, especially the ryegrass; Fe（Ⅱ）Ha increased along with the growth of rice and was affected by soil conditions and environmental factors, especially the water and redox ability.

Long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation changing the microbial communities in typical red paddy soil in South China

On the basis of a long-term（30 years） field experiment that involved four rotation systems, rice-rice-winter fallow（RRF）, rice-rice-ryegrass（RRG）, rice-rice-rape（RRP）, and rice-rice-milk vetch（RRV）, this study described the effects of green manure on the microbial communities in the red paddy soils using 454 pyrosequencing for the 16 S r RNA gene. The Chao1 richness and non-parametric Shannon＇s index increased in all soil samples that received green manure treatments. The communities＇ structures with the green manure applications were significantly dissimilar from that under the winter fallow. Using Metastats tests, many genera in the RRG, RRP and RRV soils were significantly different from those in the RRF soil, including a number of genera that functioned in the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Analyses of the genera with these functions revealed the shifts in microbial ecosystem functions after long-term green manuring. Changes in the microbial communities increased the ammonium supply and decreased the soil acidification in green-manure-amended soils. Together, these data suggested powerful effects of green manure on both the microbial communities and the biogeochemical cycle driven by the shifts in bacterial functional groups.

Integrated application of February Orchid(Orychophragmus violaceus) as green manure with chemical fertilizer for improving grain yield and reducing nitrogen losses in spring maize system in northern China

The development of more efficient management systems is crucial to achieving high grain yields with high nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）. February Orchid-spring maize rotation system is a newly established planting system with the benefits of ground cover and potential wind erosion in northern China. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with reduction of chemical fertilizers（INTEGRATED） on spring maize yield, N uptake, ammonium volatilization, and soil residual mineral N in northern China. Compared to farmers＇ traditional fertilization（CON）, integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizers（INTEGRATED） increased maize grain yield and biomass by 9.9 and 10.2%, respectively. The 0–100 cm soil residual Nmin at harvest was decreased by 58.5% and thus nitrogen use efficiency was increased significantly by 26.7%. The nitrogen balance calculation further demonstrated that the INTEGRATED approach performed better than CON with lower apparent nitrogen loss（decreased by 48.9%） which evidenced by the ammonium volatilization of top-dressing fertilizer was decreased by 31.1%, the N_（min） movement to the deeper soil layers was reduced, and the apparent nitrogen leaching loss nearly equal to 0 under the INTEGRATED treatment. Therefore, in northern China, integrated application of green manure and chemical fertilizers is an efficient management approach for improving maize yields and NUE simultaneously.

不同供氮量对二月兰产量、土壤无机氮残留及氮平衡的影响

研究华北冬绿肥二月兰对不同供氮水平的响应特征,确定实现绿肥高产高效的土壤适宜供氮量,可为华北集约化农田最大化发挥绿肥生态效应和优化春玉米/冬绿肥轮作体系氮素管理提供理论依据和技术参考.选取多年不施肥试验地设置供氮梯度试验,研究了不同供氮水平对冬绿肥二月兰翻压前地上部生物量累积、氮素吸收、土壤无机氮残留和冬绿肥季土壤氮素平衡的影响.结果表明:在土壤无机氮含量较低(0~90 cm土层15 kg·hm^(-2))条件下,施氮显著提高二月兰生物量和吸氮量.其中,施氮90 kg·hm^(-2)处理表现最高,绿肥生物量(干质量)和吸氮量分别为2031.0和42.0 kg·hm^(-2);土壤无机氮残留量随施氮量增加而增加,且在施氮量高于60 kg·hm^(-2)后呈现快速增加趋势;随施氮量增加二月兰生长季的表观氮平衡表现出由亏缺到盈余的变化特征,在施氮量为60~90 kg·hm^(-2)条件下氮收支基本平衡.土壤供氮量(绿肥播前0~90 cm土壤无机氮含量与施氮量之和)与二月兰生物量、吸氮量和绿肥翻压前土壤无机氮含量的关系可以分别用二次、线性加平台和指数方程进行模拟,依据模型计算二月兰生物量最高值(2010 kg·hm^(-2))时的播前土壤供氮量和绿肥翻压前土壤无机氮残留量分别是136和78 kg·hm^(-2);而在二月兰吸氮量最高值40 kg·hm^(-2)时,二月兰生物量为1919 kg·hm^(-2),相当于最高生物量的95%,绿肥翻压前土壤残留无机氮降低至57 kg·hm^(-2),与之对应的播前土壤供氮量为105 kg·hm^(-2),该值与目前华北地区优化施氮下玉米收获后土壤残留无机氮推荐含量(100 kg·hm^(-2))基本相当.综合考虑绿肥的农学和环境效应,春玉米/冬绿肥轮作体系中二月兰播前土壤供氮量应控制在100~105 kg·hm^(-2).